Sclerotia Formation and Toxin Production in Large Sclerotial &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Aspergillus flavus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Isolates from Kenya

Okoth, Sheila; Nyongesa, Beatrice Wabusya; Joutsjoki, Vesa; Korhonen, Hannu J. T.; Ayugi, Vincent; Kang’ethe, Erastus K.

doi:10.4236/aim.2016.61005

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A previous study reported that strains of A. flavus consist of biseriate and uniseriate strains [8]. However, most uniseriate and L strains were observed in this study.…”

contrasting

confidence: 69%

“…However, most uniseriate and L strains were observed in this study. Fifty-eight percent (7 of 12) A. flavus strains isolated from unirradiated and irradiated kernel formed Large (L) sclerotia and 5 of 12 strains were non-sclerotial producers as it was reported in other studies [8]. Odhiambo et al [9] differentiate toxigenic and non-toxigenic A. flavus strains based on yellow pigment formation using PDA medium.…”

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confidence: 90%

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Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Contamination on Stored Gamma-Irradiated Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels

et al. 2018

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A study on the effectiveness of gamma irradiation at doses of 5 and 10 kGy on fungal population, Aspergillus flavus strains, and aflatoxin B1 contamination on stored nutmeg kernels was conducted. The kernels were collected from seeds in a period of one week from the ground at North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Dried shelled kernels with ± 10 % moisture content, packed in polyethylene bags at 2.1 kg/bag, were irradiated at 5 and 10 kGy and stored at ambient temperature (28 °C) for 2 and 4 months. Kernel moisture content, fungal population, and aflatoxin B1 were determined before and after irradiation, and after 2 and 4 months of storage. Results showed that fungal population was reduced with the increasing irradiation dose. Five species of fungi were isolated, i.e., Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Eurotium chevalieri, and Penicillium citrinum. A total of twelve A. flavus strains were isolated, five strains from unirradiated kernels and five and two strains from irradiated kernels at doses 5 and 10 kGy, respectively. Among these strains, 58 % were capable of producing L sclerotia and 25 % were identified as toxigenic. Kernel moisture during storage was 7.3 % and no aflatoxin B1 was detected before and after irradiation, and after 2 and 4 months of storage duration.

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“…A previous study reported that strains of A. flavus consist of biseriate and uniseriate strains [8]. However, most uniseriate and L strains were observed in this study.…”

contrasting

confidence: 69%

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Contamination on Stored Gamma-Irradiated Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels

et al. 2018

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“…The cobs were kept at room temperature and examined the day after collection. The sweet corn kernels were sampled from different parts of the cob using closed spear driven through to the top and sides to obtain 300 g of incremental samples [26]. All the samples were randomly sampled.…”

Section: Sweet Corn Kernelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Characterization and Determination of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Sweet Corn Kernels and Soil in Malaysia

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to morphologically characterize and determine the aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates. Forty isolates of A. flavus were obtained from sweet corn kernels and soil samples collected from Kampong Raja, Rose Valley, Kea, and Klebang farms in Malaysia. They were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), dichloran rose-bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC), Aspergillusflavus and Aspergillus parasiticus agar (AFPA), and coconut cream agar (CCA). Macromorphological characteristics were determined by observing the colony color and texture, while the micromorphological characteristics were determined by examining the spore color, size, structure, conidiophore structure, and vesicle shape. The production of aflatoxin was determined by direct visualization of the UV fluorescence of A. flavus colonies on CCA. Aflatoxin was qualitatively detected in 18 (45%) isolates of A. flavus using UV fluorescence screening while the remaining 22 (55%) isolates did not exhibit any aflatoxin production. The highest incidence of A. flavus (30%) and aflatoxin production (15%) was recorded in samples from Kampong Raja. On the other hand, isolates from Rose Valley (17%) and Kea (12%) were non-aflatoxigenic. Klebang recorded a 25% incidence of A. flavus in which 15% were aflatoxigenic while 10% were non-aflatoxigenic. The occurrence of aflatoxin-producing A. flavus emphasizes the need for the measure to eradicate their presence in food crops. A biological control treatment utilizing the non-aflatoxigenic strains to compete with the aflatoxigenic ones is underway. Validation of aflatoxin production through high performance liquid chromatography is also ongoing.

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“…There is a general poor awareness about aflatoxins, let alone the dissemination of appropriate control measures to monitor contamination at the field level, during storage, and in commercialisation. Primary health care centers in Africa almost never relate liver cancer or other negative health effects to food consumption and aflatoxin [18,19]. Knowledge in most African countries is only high in areas where outbreaks have occurred in the past and this also depends on the level of education.…”

Section: Awareness On Aflatoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling-Up the Impact of Aflatoxin Research in Africa. The Role of Social Sciences

Stepman¹

2018

Toxins

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At the interface between agriculture and nutrition, the aflatoxin contamination of food and feed touches on agriculture, health, and trade. For more than three decades now, the problem of aflatoxin has been researched in Africa. The interest of development cooperation for aflatoxin and the support to aflatoxin mitigation projects has its ups and downs. The academic world and the development world still seem to operate in different spheres and a collaboration is still challenging due to the complexity of the contamination sources at pre-harvest and post-harvest levels. There is a growing call by research funders and development actors for the impact of solutions at a scale. The solutions to mitigate aflatoxin contamination require new ways of working together. A more prominent role is to be played by social scientists. The role of social scientists in scaling-up the impact of aflatoxin research in Africa and the proposed mitigation solutions is to ensure that awareness, advantage, affordability, and access are systematically assessed. Aflatoxin-reduced staple foods and feed would be an agricultural result with a considerable health and food safety impact.

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Sclerotia Formation and Toxin Production in Large Sclerotial <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Isolates from Kenya

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Contamination on Stored Gamma-Irradiated Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels

Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Contamination on Stored Gamma-Irradiated Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Kernels

Morphological Characterization and Determination of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Sweet Corn Kernels and Soil in Malaysia

Scaling-Up the Impact of Aflatoxin Research in Africa. The Role of Social Sciences

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