Scope Marking and Calusal Typing

Brandner, Ellen

doi:10.1075/la.37.03bra

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…(ii) A choice function analysis (Reinhart 1997): the lower wh-phrase is analyzed as an indefinite introducing a variable over choice functions, and the matrix Q provides the existential quantifier binding this variable-see Brandner (2000) for an analysis of partial movement in German along these lines. We leave open the question here of what exactly is the appropriate mechanism for capturing matrix scope in (20) without movement.…”

Section: Direct Dependency Scope Marking Strategies: Wh-in Situ In Frmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence from L1 acquisition for the syntax of wh-scope marking in French *

Oiry¹,

Demirdache²

2006

Language Acquisition and Language Disorders

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IntroductionThe goal of this paper is twofold. We first provide empirical arguments from L1 acquisition of French questions for the syntax of wh-in-situ in the adult grammar. In particular, we provide arguments for the existence of a non-lexical Q morpheme in French. (Cheng & Rooryck 2000;Mathieu 1999). The central claim we make is that this Q morpheme licenses both wh-in situ -be it in the child or the adult grammar-and partial wh-movement in French L1 acquisition (Oiry 2002).The second goal of this paper is to provide empirical arguments for alternative wh-scope marking structures in L1 acquisition of French. We argue that the seemingly surprising syntax of certain Long Distance (henceforth, LD) questions in L1 French reflects the existence in the child grammar of alternative non-adult strategies for forming wh-questions. These strategies, which involve either an argumental/referential or a non argumental/referential scope marker in the matrix, are ungrammatical in the target language but reflect parameters settings for other languages. In particular, we identify two classes of scope marking strategies: indirect vs. direct dependency strategies. Direct dependency yields both partial wh-movement and wh-in-situ: a non-lexical Q morpheme merged in the matrix Spec CP ensures that the scope of a lower wh-phrase, either in situ or partially fronted at Spell-out, is extended over the matrix clause. Indirect dependency (Dayal 1996(Dayal , 2000 involves an argument wh-phrase quantifying over propositions in the matrix clause and a subordinate wh-clause serving as a restriction on the matrix wh-quantifier. The latter appears either in situ or fronted to the matrix Spec CP in the overt syntax.We then turn to the question of how are findings bear on the issue of the acquisition stages involved in the language development process. The experimental results from the production task carried out to elicit root questions does not validate the claim that wh-in situ is the default option in French child grammar (see Hulk & Zuckerman (2000) or Zuckerman (2001), for instance). Our findings suggest that, if indeed there a preference for forming root questions, the preference is for overt wh-movement; see Deprez (1995) andSoares (2003) for similar conclusions regarding the status of wh-in situ in L1 French and L1 European Portuguese, respectively. This preliminary generalization requires further careful and systematic investigation.The syntax of long distance dependencies in French child grammar suggests, however, that the child goes through acquisition stages where long distance dependencies are not established via long movement but rather always involve local movement in the subordinate clause. The dependency between the matrix and the subordinate clause is then established via either (i): coindexation of an argument wh-phrase in the matrix clause quantifying over propositions with the subordinate wh-clause itself (indirect dependency strategy); or (ii) coindexation of a Q morpheme in the matrix clause with a lower wh-phrase itself ...

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Section: Direct Dependency Scope Marking Strategies: Wh-in Situ In Frmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence from L1 acquisition for the syntax of wh-scope marking in French *

Oiry¹,

Demirdache²

2006

Language Acquisition and Language Disorders

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“…In this respect, our proposal can be thought of as belonging to the family of direct dependency approaches to partial copying (van Riemsdijk 1982, Hiemstra 1986, McDaniel 1989, Beck & Berman 2000, Brandner 2000, Cheng 2000, von Stechow 2000. full) and nonidentical (i.e.…”

Section: The Direct-indirect Dependency Controversymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…partial) doubling involve wh -elements belonging to a single chain that is established in overt syntax. In this respect, our proposal can be thought of as belonging to the family of direct dependency approaches to partial copying (van Riemsdijk 1982, Hiemstra 1986, McDaniel 1989, Beck & Berman 2000, Brandner 2000, Cheng 2000, von Stechow 2000, and others). A crucial point of departure concerns the status of the ‘scope marker’ wat .…”

Section: Alternative Accountsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Syntactic doubling and the structure ofwh-chains

2009

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This paper discusses cases of syntactic doubling in wh-dependencies attested in dialects of Dutch, where more than one member of the same chain is spelled out. We focus on cases of non-identical doubling, in which the chain links spelled out have different forms. We demonstrate that the order of elements in a chain is fixed : the first (or syntactically higher) one is less specific that the second one. We argue that this generalization follows from partial copying, a process that copies a proper subconstituent and remerges it higher in the structure. This naturally excludes the ungrammatical orders, as these would involve full copying plus the addition of features, in violation of the inclusiveness condition. The proposal requires pronouns to be spell-outs of phrases, and it is in combination with this hypothesis that the full set of data is accounted for in a uniform way. Advantages over alternative accounts of syntactic doubling are discussed.[1] Earlier versions of this paper (see also were presented at the 30th GLOW conference (Tromsø 2007) WCCFL 26 (Berkeley 2007) the 22nd Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop (Stuttgart 2007), the EGG school (Brno 2007) and at a workshop on WH-pronouns (Konstanz 2007). We would like to thank the audiences present at those occasions for their feedback. We also wish to express our gratitude to the following people for discussion on various aspects of this work: Ellen Brandner, Jeroen van Craenenbroeck, Jacqueline van Kampen, Marjo van Koppen, Øystein Nilsen, Andreas Pankau, Arnim von Stechow and Nelleke Strik. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments. The usual disclaimers apply.

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“…Schulz (2011) studies the occurrence of non-L1, non-L2 structures in the interlanguage of L1 Japanese speakers of L2 English producing and judging longdistance wh-questions. Her main focus is on the existence of scope-marking strategies that are grammatical in some languages such as German (Brandner 2000) or Hindi (Lutz et al 2000) but are not grammatical either in English or in Japanese. Her results are interpreted as evidence for Universal Grammar being available to non-native speakers, who entertain all typologically possible options until exposed to enough evidence from input to discard ungrammatical structures in the L2.…”

Section: Derivational Complexity Metricmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proficiency Matters: L2 Avoidance in Spanish Complex Wh- Production

Turrero-Garcia

2017

Borealis

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ABSTRACT. The Derivational Complexity Hypothesis (Jakubowicz & Strik 2008) proposes that computationally complex structures interact with syntactic constraints in linguistic production, causing the rise of avoidance strategies in child L1 and adult L2 speakers. These avoidance strategies have until recently been understudied in the field of SLA (as opposed to the use of ungrammatical structures), but they actively compete with target-like forms during the language acquisition process and can therefore advance our understanding of non-native linguistic development. This article provides evidence for the DCH based on avoidance strategies shown by non-native speakers of Spanish in the production of the whisland (How did you say when the jewels were stolen?). Through a game-based elicitation task, speakers at the intermediate and high-advanced level were prompted to produce questions containing a wh-island. The results show that intermediate speakers of Spanish significantly avoid producing questions that contain an island, as opposed to native and high-advanced speakers. The strategies used instead of the target are of a less complex nature (pronominalization of the second clause, omission of the middle verb), therefore supporting the DCH. High-advanced and native data, on the other hand, show a use of creative strategies that is absent from the intermediate data. Off-target constructions by these groups often consist of questions that are structurally more complex than the intended target forms (use of relative clauses and embedded NPs).Keywords. Second Language Acquisition; Derivational Complexity Hypothesis; Avoidance Strategies; Wh-Islands; Production; Spanish. RESUMEN. La Hipótesis de Complejidad Derivacional (Jakubowicz y Strik 2008)propone que las estructuras complejas desde un punto de vista computacional interactúan con las restricciones sintácticas en la producción lingüística, causando así un aumento del uso de estrategias de evasión en hablantes de L1 (niños) y L2 (adultos). Estas estrategias de evasión han recibido poca atención en el campo de la adquisición de segunda lengua hasta la fecha (a diferencia del uso de estructuras agramaticales), pero compiten con las formas meta durante el proceso de adquisición y, por tanto, pueden contribuir a nuestro conocimiento del desarrollo lingüístico no nativo. Este artículo apoya la HCD basándose en el uso de estrategias de evasión por parte de hablantes no nativos de español en la producción de la isla qu-(¿Cómo dijiste cuándo fueron robadas las joyas?). Con el uso de un experimento de estimulación lúdico, se motivó a dos grupos de hablantes intermedios y cuasi-nativos a producir preguntas que contuvieran una isla qu-. Los resultados muestran que los hablantes intermedios evitan producir preguntas que contengan una isla, al contrario que los hablantes cuasi-nativos y nativos. En su lugar, utilizan estructuras más simples desde un punto de vista computacional (pronominalización de la segunda cláusula, omisión del verbo medio), apoyando por tanto la HDC. Los dato...

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Scope Marking and Calusal Typing

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Evidence from L1 acquisition for the syntax of wh-scope marking in French *

Evidence from L1 acquisition for the syntax of wh-scope marking in French *

Syntactic doubling and the structure ofwh-chains

Proficiency Matters: L2 Avoidance in Spanish Complex Wh- Production

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