Scoping studies: behavior and control of lithium and lithium aerosols

Jeppson, D.W.

doi:10.2172/5182052

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The higher fraction of lithium carbonate in the aerosol may have been caused by the higher stability of lithium carbonate relative to lithium oxide and again the presence of unlimited carbon dioxide with the unlimited, air atmosphere. [3,7] Test LA-5 showed similar results in that the cell volume was much larger than in tests LA-1 and LA-2, so the supply of oxygen was larger relative to the amount that reacted with the lithium.…”

Section: Hedl Pool Fire Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Reaction rates were also similar in that the pool temperature reached 1000*C at roughly the same rate, considering the different initial temperatures. The chief differences between the tests involved the generation of combustion products and are shown in Table 2.3 [3,7,8,1]. Test LA-3 was performed with an unlimited supply of air and generated a different distribution of reaction products frontests LA-1 and LA-2.…”

Section: Hedl Pool Fire Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The chemical kinetics of the reactions of lithium with steam-air mixtures

Barnett¹,

Kazimi²

1989

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This work involved the experimental and analytical determination of the consequences of lithium fires in the presence of steam. Experiments were performed to characterize the chemical reactions of lithium with steam-nitrogen and steam-air mixtures. Models were introduced in the LITFIRE code to describe lithium fires in the presence of steam inside the containment building and plasma chamber of a hypothetical fusion reactor. The code was also equipped with the capability to determine the effects of decay heat and lithium fires on the temperature response of the reactor first wall in the event of a coolant disturbance. Forty-two kinetics experiments were performed in which a stream of steam-nitrogen or steam-air was passed over and reacted with approximately three grams of lithium heated to a predetermined temperature. The lithium reaction rates with the constituent gases were measured and characterized for a wide range of lithium temperatures and gas compositions. Experiments were performed with steam molar concentrations of 5, 15 and 30% and lithium temperatures ranging from 400 to 11000 C, inclusive. The results of the kinetics experiments showed that the steam served to catalyze the lithium-nitrogen reaction at temperatures under 7000 C. The catalytic effect was observed to decrease exponentially as a function of the lithium temperature until it vanished above 700* C. The catalytic effect was greater in the steam-air experiments than in the steam-nitrogen experiments. The lithium-steam reaction rates were observed to be independent of the lithium temperature but they were reduced by the presence of oxygen in air. If nitrogen was used as a reactor cover gas it would have to be kept dry, as a lithium-nitrogen fire in the presence of steam could burn more fiercely than was previously thought. The LITFIRE code was modified to enable it to model the interactions of lithium with steam-air atmospheres. The results of the reaction kinetics experiments were used in the reaction model, and the heat. transfer model was expanded to allow it to handle condensible atmospheres. Three groups of accidents were investigated: a spill on the containment building floor, a spill inside the reactor plasma chamber, and a spill inside the plasma chamber with steam injection to the containment building simulating a steam line break. The results were compared to dry air cases under the same conditions. The results of all three groups showed that the most important effect of the presence of water vapor was the increased heat transfer to the cell gases, prinmarily due to the higher gas thermal emissivity. In the containment building fire, where the lithium pool was relatively insulated, the measured emissivity served to increase the gas temperature and pressure with little effect on the pool or combustion zone. The maximum predicted pool and combustion zone temperatures were 1000* C and 1250* C, respectively. In the plasma chamber fires, the lithium pool was cooled indirectly by the containment building atmosphere and the maximum pool and ...

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Section: Hedl Pool Fire Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Hedl Pool Fire Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The chemical kinetics of the reactions of lithium with steam-air mixtures

Barnett¹,

Kazimi²

1989

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“…If the system were to rupture, the released lithium would react exothermically with all of the major components of air and would generate a dense cloud of aerosol composed primarily of lithium monoxide (Li 2 O), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), and lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ). Jeppson and colleagues (Jeppson, 1979(Jeppson, ,1982Jeppson et al, 1978) have reviewed the literature and applications of lithium in reactors. They have made measurements of the chemical form, concentration, and aerodynamic properties of aerosols generated in lithium pool fires designed to simulate an accidental release.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation toxicity of lithium combustion aerosols in rats

Greenspan

Allen

Rebar

1986

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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Studies of the acute inhalation toxicity of lithium combustion aerosols were undertaken to aid in evaluating the health hazards associated with the proposed use of lithium metal in fusion reactors. A system was developed to generate lithium combustion aerosols by sweeping vapor from molten lithium metal into a controlled air atmosphere. Male and female F344/Lov rats, 9-12 wk of age, were exposed once for 4 h to concentrations of 2600, 2300, 1400, or 620 mg/m3 of aerosol (MMAD = 0.69 micrometer, sigma g = 1.45) that was approximately 80% lithium carbonate and 20% lithium hydroxide to determine the acute toxic effects. Fourteen-day LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of 1700 (1300-2000) mg/m3 for the male rats and 2000 (1700-2400) mg/m3 for the female rate were calculated. Clinical signs of anorexia, dehydration, respiratory difficulty, and perioral and perinasal encrustation were observed. Body weights were decreased the first day after exposure in relation to the exposure concentration. In animals observed for an additional 2 wk, body weights, organ weights, and clinical signs began to return to preexposure values. Histopathologic examination of the respiratory tracts from the animals revealed ulcerative or necrotic laryngitis, focal to segmental ulcerative rhinitis often accompanied by areas of squamous metaplasia, and, in some cases, a suppurative bronchopneumonia or aspiration pneumonia, probably secondary to the laryngeal lesions. The results of these studies indicate the moderate acute toxicity of lithium carbonate aerosols and will aid in the risk analysis of accidental releases of lithium combustion aerosols.

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“…[44],. and I1thium-a1r fire aerosols [45]. Presumably, they would have <99% removal efficiency for most or all TIBER aerosols.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The pressure drop can reach 6-9 kPa,[46] The HEPA filter should be sized to 3 accommodate at least a 1-m /s flow to handle possible production of steam from decay heat. This is only a scaleup of 2.2 times a HEPA filter successfully tested with lithium-air fire aerosols [45]. If the HEPA filter clogs, the submerged gravel scrubber (SGS) (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

TIBER II/ETR final design report: Volume 3, 5. 0 Radiation safety and environment; 6. 0 Physics and technology R and D needs

Lee¹

1987

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This, report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agent.) oi \uc United Stales Government. Neither the United Stales Government nor an> agency ihereof. n>ir jn; of iheir employees, makes any warranty, express ur implied, or assumes any lega] liabihi) or responsibiliiy for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any infcrrr.ition, appariilus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately ju-ned rights. Refer ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by irade name, trademark;, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply us endorsement, recom mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency ihcreof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof-Yite Co i DiSTRrauriGjj OF Tiiiz CCCU;.

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Scoping studies: behavior and control of lithium and lithium aerosols

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

The chemical kinetics of the reactions of lithium with steam-air mixtures

The chemical kinetics of the reactions of lithium with steam-air mixtures

Inhalation toxicity of lithium combustion aerosols in rats

TIBER II/ETR final design report: Volume 3, 5. 0 Radiation safety and environment; 6. 0 Physics and technology R and D needs

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