Scorpion crude venom induced apoptosis and structural changes of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices

2-In vitro Scolecidal Effects of Chitosan (isolatedfrom some scorpions), Chitosan Nanoparticles, Scorpion’S Venom, and Scorpion Venom-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles

“…Additionally, a few compounds such as phospholipase A2, lysozyme C, and hyaluronidase exhibit enzymatic characteristics (Al-Malki and Abdelsater, 2020). Many dangerous diseases have previously been treated by interrupting or blocking gated ion channel activities, and scorpion's venom is also acknowledged as an effective biological antibacterial treatment (Al-Malki et al, 2022). According to Jafari et al (2019), the effect of Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion's venom on protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus considerably increased from 30 to 240 min of exposure (P < 0.05), which was consistent with the current findings.…”

“…Viable protoscoleces remained colorless, whereas dead protoscoleces absorbed eosin and turned crimson, then placed on slides, covered with coverslips, and counted under a light microscope, viable protoscoleces were primarily motile and displayed flame cell activity (Tawfik, 2018). For the subsequent studies, only protoscoleces with a viability rate of greater than 90% were chosen (Al-Malki et al, 2022).…”

“…After 5 min, the upper portion of the solution was again discarded. The remaining settling protoscoleces were spread out on a glass slide, protected with a cover glass, and inspected under a light microscope for the viability of protoscoleces (Al-Malki et al, 2022).…”

“…The used sample in the experiment's positive control contained a medium devoid of any compounds, while the used sample in the experiment's negative control contained the hydatid fluid (Fakhar et al, 2015). Average values were estimated from all trials carried out in triplicates (Al-Malki et al, 2022).…”

“…Al-Malki and Abdelsater (2020) concluded that the scolicidal activity of crude venom of Androctonus crassicauda scorpion at the concentration of 20 µg/ml after application for 30, 60, 120, and 240 min, was 25.1, 31.2, 36.5 and 57.1%, respectively, while at the concentration of 50 µg/ml after application for 30, 60, 120, and 240 min, the venom activity was 28.6, 39.5, 65.4, and 80.6%, respectively, moreover, at the concentration of 100 µg/ml, the scolicidal activity of crude venom was 34.9, 71.4, 95.8 and 100 % of protoscoleces after 30, 60, 120, and 240 min, which was very similar to the present results. Al-Malki et al (2022) found that the crude venom of Androctonus crassicauda scorpion caused apoptosis and structural alterations in protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus and showed that the expression of caspase-3 was significantly higher in the protoscoleces incubated at 100 µg/ml than 50 µg/ml.…”