There have been substantial strides in biosensor technology, particularly in the domain of electrode innovation. Electrodes are crucial components in biosensors, serving as the essential link between biological systems and electronic devices. The constant refinement of electrode materials and designs has propelled biosensor capabilities to unprecedented levels, resulting in improved sensitivity, specificity, and overall performance. Notably, the integration of nanomaterials into electrode fabrication has been a breakthrough. Materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanocomposites offer distinctive qualities, including a large surface area, exceptional conductivity, and compatibility with biological systems. These attributes enhance the efficiency of electrodes in facilitating electron transfer, thereby enhancing signal transmission in biosensing applications. Furthermore, the application of electrode-based nanomaterials has enabled the development of smaller, portable biosensors suitable for point-of-care applications. The adoption of advanced manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing and microfabrication, has revolutionized electrode design, allowing for the development of intricate structures tailored to interact optimally with biological analytes. Additionally, the incorporation of flexible and wearable electrodes has expanded biosensor capabilities for real-time monitoring in various environments. Advanced signal amplification strategies, such as nanomaterial-based amplifiers and enzymatic cascades, have significantly heightened biosensor sensitivity, enabling early detection of biomarkers crucial for timely medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. This chapter delves into the fundamental concepts of biosensors, their design principles, transducers, and detailed insights into the various types of electrodes used in biosensor configurations.
