Scots pine susceptibility to attack by Tomicus piniperda (L) as related to pruning date and attack density

Långström, Bo; Hellqvist, Claes

doi:10.1051/forest:19930201

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In the Kunming region, T. piniperda typically breeds in the mid‐ and upper trunks of Yunnan pine tree; whereas T. minor mainly attacks the mid‐ and lower trunks. These location preferences are exactly opposite that found in Hangzhou, in southern China and in Sweden on Scots pine, where T. minor attacks mostly the mid‐ and upper trunk while T. piniperda attacks mainly the mid‐ and base trunk ( Langström 1993b ; Zhao 1991) . The preference found in this study for T. piniperda to initiate its attack on the mid‐ or upper trunk of Yunnan pine is in agreement with the previous reports of T. piniperda within‐tree attack patterns in Yunnan pine ( Ye & Dang 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Impacts of Tomicus minor on distribution and reproduction of Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae) on the trunk of the living Pinus yunnanensis trees

Xue-Song

1999

J Applied Entomology

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This study investigated the impacts of Tomicus minor on Tomicus piniperda when the two Tomicus species coexist in the trunks of living Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis L.) trees growing in the Kunming region, in south‐western China. Tomicus piniperda mostly locates in the mid‐ and upper trunks of Yunnan pine tree; whereas T. minor mainly attacks the mid‐ and lower trunks. In the mid‐trunk area from 1.0 to 5.0 m above ground, there are overlapping attack zones for the two Tomicus species, which accounts for an average of 80% of the entire zone occupied by T. piniperda and an average of 70% of the zone occupied by T. minor. In correspondence with their attack distributions, the average attack densities of the two species varied with height along the trunk, with 165.3 egg galleries per m2 at a height of 6 m for T. piniperda, and 138.2 egg galleries per m2 at the 1 m height for T. minor. It is suggested that T. minor adjusts its attack pattern with respect to T. piniperda, and thereby minimizes interspecific competition. No remarkable difference of average T. piniperda egg gallery length was found between the zone in which only T. piniperda occurred and the zone in which T. piniperda and T. minor coexisted; this is suggested to be due to low host quality in the upper trunk region where only T. piniperda was present. The number of T. piniperda larval galleries was highest when only T. piniperda was present, and decreased as T. piniperda and T. minor coexisted, particularly in the case when the density of T. piniperda was less than that of T. minor. Average larval density was 1649 larval galleries per m2 where only T. piniperda occurred. However, when T. piniperda coexisted with T. minor, T. piniperda larval density averaged 1010 per m2 when T. piniperda density was higher than T. minor, and averaged 442 per m2 when T. piniperda density was less than T. minor, which led to the conclusion that T. minor makes a negative impact on T. piniperda reproduction when the two Tomicus species jointly colonize the same trunk of Yunnan pine tree.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Impacts of Tomicus minor on distribution and reproduction of Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae) on the trunk of the living Pinus yunnanensis trees

Xue-Song

1999

J Applied Entomology

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“…Both the species are considered to be secondary, however, they can accelerate the disintegration of otherwise damaged stands. It is of interest that in the north of Europe, T. piniperda behaves considerably more aggressively being able to attack seemingly quite healthy trees (LÅngström, Hellqvist 1992). Pissodes piniphilus showed the high frequency of significant occurrence (45%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fauna of cambioxylophagous insects on Scots pine trees declined after spells of drought in 2003

Foit¹

2007

J. For. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:The paper deals with cambioxylophagous insects on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. Research was conducted in forest stands growing on steep slopes on the left bank of the Otava River about 1 km north of Písek. These are nearly unmanaged stands of a special-purpose function with the natural occurrence of Scots pine. In total, twenty standing trees at 60 to 160 years of age that died after the spell of drought in 2003 were analysed. The composition of the community of cambioxylophagous insects was recorded in detail. The frequencies of occurrence of particular insect species were determined. In total, 34 species of cambioxylophagous insects were recorded. The order Coleoptera was quite a dominant group and within the order bark beetles (Scolytidae) and longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) prevailed. The median of the species developing on one tree was 11. Tomicus piniperda (L.) was markedly the most frequent species with the frequency of occurrence 90%. Based on the composition of the communities of cambioxylophagous insects the potential importance of the insect in the decline of the analysed Scots pine trees was evaluated. Cambioxylophagous insects probably played a secondary role there.

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“…Probably Cryphalus abietis on fir (Kirschner, 1998 and Pityogenes quadridens on Scots pine (Mathiesen-Käärik, 1953;) also belong to this group because of the low frequency of their associated fungi. In this group, stimulation of tree defenses is only due to beetle tunneling activity resulting, as observed during T. piniperda reproductive attacks, in a high critical threshold of attack density Långström et al, 1992) and a very moderate or low aggressiveness (Långström and Hellqvist, 1988;Lieutier et al, 1995).…”

Section: Group 2 -Beetles Species Using the Strategy Of Exhausting Trmentioning

confidence: 98%

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

2009

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Keywords:pathogen / forest tree / physiological stress / blue stain fungi / host resistance Abstract • Our aim is to present why the hypothesis, that Ophiostomatoid fungi play an important role in the establishment of most bark beetle species on living conifers, is valuable.• After summarizing knowledge about the relationships of bark beetles with conifers and fungi, we conclude that controversy results from misinterpretations when using fungal pathogenicity to demonstrate the role of Ophiostomatoid fungi in beetle establishment on host trees.• We demonstrate that fungal pathogenicity is not the right parameter to appreciate the role of fungus in beetle establishment on host trees. We argue that artificial low density inoculations that allow the appreciation of fungus ability to stimulate tree defenses and thus to help beetles in overcoming tree resistance must be used in complement to mass inoculations. In both cases, results must be expressed in terms of tree defense stimulation rather than in terms of tree killing.(i) Fungal species stimulating tree defenses are generally not those that grow the best in the sapwood.(ii) We argue that beetle development in the phloem, fungal invasion of the sapwood and phloem, and tree death, occur after tree defenses are exhausted, and that any fungus present in the beetle gallery could thus potentially invade the sapwood after defense exhaustion.• We conclude that stimulation of the tree defense reactions in both the phloem and the superficial sapwood is a real benefit brought by fungi to the beetles during the first phase of establishment (overcoming tree resistance).• Considering the origin of the bark beetle fungus associations attacking living trees and their general functioning based on stimulation of tree defenses, we develop three hypotheses:(i) any beetle species would be helped in its establishment in a given tree species by developing an association, even loosely, with a fungus species belonging to the Ophiostomatoid flora of that tree species; (ii) the necessity of a considerably low level of tree resistance for fungus extension into the tree is the selection pressure that has led fungi to develop their intrinsic ability to stimulate tree defenses, through their ability to grow into the phloem. This association can be completed by antagonistic fungal species controlling extension of the previous fungal species in the tree tissues; (iii) Beetle species using the strategy of overcoming tree resistance are associated with a fungal complex, of which species could assume three roles regarding relationships between beetles and trees: 1-to stimulate tree defenses in the phloem and superficial sapwood, 2-to grow into the sapwood after tree resistance is overcome, and 3-to control phloem extension of the first other two categories. Bringing nutrients to the beetle progeny can be a fourth role.• We propose that bark beetle -Ophiostomatoid associations can be categorized, based on associations' frequency and complexity while taking into account beetle aggressiveness. We show...

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Scots pine susceptibility to attack by Tomicus piniperda (L) as related to pruning date and attack density

Cited by 20 publications

References 20 publications

Impacts of Tomicus minor on distribution and reproduction of Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae) on the trunk of the living Pinus yunnanensis trees

Impacts of Tomicus minor on distribution and reproduction of Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae) on the trunk of the living Pinus yunnanensis trees

The fauna of cambioxylophagous insects on Scots pine trees declined after spells of drought in 2003

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

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