Scour chain employment in gravel bed rivers

Laronne, Jonathan B.; Outhet, David; Carling, Paul A.; McCabe, T.J.

doi:10.1016/0341-8162(94)90040-x

Cited by 58 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Because scour and fill were measured at numerous locations, chains (Leopold et al, 1964;Laronne et al, 1994) were selected for ease of installation rather than sliding bead/wiffle ball scour monitors (Tripp and Poulin, 1986;Nawa and Frissell, 1993) and scour cores that require more time for installation. Chains yield similar results to monitors (Haschenburger, 1999) and cores of painted gravel (Hales, 1999).…”

Section: Sampling Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing and improving predictions of scour and fill depths in a northern California coastal stream

Bigelow¹

2005

River Res. Applic.

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Seasonal scour and fill from bankfull flows were measured in Freshwater Creek, a gravel-bed coastal stream of northern California, to test a previously developed approach predicting the reach-average and distribution of scour or fill depths based on Shields stress and the exponential function. Predictions of reach-average scour and fill depths were within 4-60% of measured depths. Three of the four predicted distributions of scour and fill depths were statistically different (p < 0.05) from measured distributions. Differences between predicted and measured values were likely due to scour and fill patterns in Freshwater Creek that were influenced by sediment supply and location within the channel network, channel form roughness, and possibly multiple peak flows. Consequently, the predictive approach may be better suited for individual peak flows on straight reaches that are in equilibrium between sediment supply and transport, and with form roughness similar to the creeks where the approach was developed. Improved predictions of scour and fill are possible with adjustments for aggrading reaches and form roughness.

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Section: Sampling Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing and improving predictions of scour and fill depths in a northern California coastal stream

Bigelow¹

2005

River Res. Applic.

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“…At each study site, observations of bed activity were obtained using scour chains [Leopold et al, 1966;Laronne et al, 1994] and scour monitors [Tripp and Poulin, 1986] deployed along channel cross sections within the study reaches (Table 1) In Carnation Creek, frequent frontal storms deliver precipitation primarily between October and March, which induce floods with short time-to-peak characteristics. The 15 m wide channel exhibits pool-riffle-bar bed morphology in reach 1.…”

Section: Study Sites and Programs Of Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Probability model of scour and fill depths in gravel‐bed channels

Haschenburger¹

1999

Water Resources Research

132

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Abstract. The exponential density function was fitted to frequency distributions of scour and fill depths derived from six single-threaded gravel-bed Channels. Scour chains and monitors were used to record the depth of bed activity in the 6 to 20 rn wide channels. Goodness-of-fit analyses indicate that the exponential function is a plausible model. Introduction of dimensionless shear stress (r*) collapses model parameters and the active proportion of the streambed of individual rivers into general trends. An exponential relation between model parameters and r* suggests a means to derive scour and fill depths to a first approximation based only on flow and channel characteristics. Exponentially distributed depths require over 400 observations to estimate the mean to within 10% with 95% confidence. IntroductionDuring a flood event the entrainment and deposition of sediment produce a decrease and increase in the vertical position of an alluvial streambed, respectively. These fluctua- The specific objective of this paper is to describe the spatial variation of event-based scour and fill depths by a probability function, specifically the exponential density function. Results derive largely from a field program conducted in Carnation Creek, Canada [Haschenburger, 1996]. Data from previous studies [Tripp and Poulin, 1986; Carling, 1987] provide supporting evidence to suggest that the proposed probability model is applicable beyond the primary study stream. Exponential Density FunctionThe exponential density function is formulated here to de- SelectiOn of the exponential function as a candidate model stems largely from empirical observations of magnetically tagged gravels. These observations indicate that some areas of the streambed experience little, if any, bed activity during a flood event because some tracers remain stationary at or very near the streambed surface. A limited area of the bed scours or fills relatively deeply, as documented by the few tracers buried deeply initially and later found transported downstream. It appears that the probability of the channel bed being exposed to flow at different depths controls the vertical distribution of tracer burial depths [Galvin, 1965]. Hassan and Church [1994] described this pattern by the exponential function, considering the proportion of marked particles found in a given layer of the gravel sediment body. Although alternative models such as the gamma and Weibull density functions may be applicable, the 2857

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“…Finnegan et al, 2007;Whipple, 2007, 2010). Even erosion depths in (coarse) alluvium could be studied if a suitable paint is infiltrated into the bed, complementing techniques like scour chains (Laronne et al, 1994;Liebault and Laronne, 2008) or injection of coloured sand profiles.…”

Section: Potential Future Applications Of Erosion Paintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graffiti for science – erosion painting reveals spatially variable erosivity of sediment-laden flows

2016

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Abstract. Spatially distributed detection of bedrock erosion is a long-standing challenge. Here we show how the spatial distribution of surface erosion can be visualized and analysed by observing the erosion of paint from natural bedrock surfaces. If the paint is evenly applied, it creates a surface with relatively uniform erodibility, such that spatial variability in the erosion of the paint reflects variations in the erosivity of the flow and its entrained sediment. In a proof-of-concept study, this approach provided direct visual verification that sediment impacts were focused on upstream-facing surfaces in a natural bedrock gorge. Further, erosion painting demonstrated strong cross-stream variations in bedrock erosion, even in the relatively narrow (5 m wide) gorge that we studied. The left side of the gorge experienced high sediment throughput with abundant lateral erosion on the painted wall up to 80 cm above the bed, but the right side of the gorge only showed a narrow erosion band 15-40 cm above the bed, likely due to deposited sediment shielding the lower part of the wall. This erosion pattern therefore reveals spatial stream bed aggradation that occurs during flood events in this channel. The erosion painting method provides a simple technique for mapping sediment impact intensities and qualitatively observing spatially distributed erosion in bedrock stream reaches. It can potentially find wide application in both laboratory and field studies.

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Scour chain employment in gravel bed rivers

Cited by 58 publications

References 3 publications

Testing and improving predictions of scour and fill depths in a northern California coastal stream

Testing and improving predictions of scour and fill depths in a northern California coastal stream

A Probability model of scour and fill depths in gravel‐bed channels

Graffiti for science – erosion painting reveals spatially variable erosivity of sediment-laden flows

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