<scp>aiolos</scp> – A multipurpose 1D hydrodynamics code for planetary atmospheres

Schulik, Matthäus; Booth, Richard A

doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1251

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 99 publications

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“…The outflow temperature can range from approximately the equilibrium temperature T eq in a bolometrically heated outflow, to ∼10 4 K in a photoevaporative outflow (e.g.,Murray-Clay et al 2009;Schulik & Booth 2023;). …”

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confidence: 99%

Fleeting but Not Forgotten: The Imprint of Escaping Hydrogen Atmospheres on Super-Earth Interiors

Rogers,

Schlichting,

Young

2024

ApJ

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Small, close-in exoplanets are divided into two subpopulations: super-Earths and sub-Neptunes. Most super-Earths are thought to have lost their primordially accreted hydrogen-dominated atmospheres via thermally driven winds. We consider the global chemical equilibrium of super-Earths and the lasting impacts of their fleeting hydrogen atmospheres. We find that hydrogen is efficiently sequestered into the interior, oxidizing iron and endogenously producing ∼0.5%–1.0% water by mass. As the atmospheres of super-Earths are continuously sculpted by mass loss and chemical equilibration, they remain hydrogen-dominated by mole (number) fraction but become steam-dominated by mass, which may be observable with JWST for planets transitioning across the radius valley. One of the main effects of efficient sequestration of hydrogen into the interior is to produce an underdense bulk interior compared to that of Earth. We predict bulk densities of super-Earths to be ∼5.0 g cm−3 for a 1M ⊕ planet, which is consistent with high-precision mass measurements and also population-level inference analyses from atmospheric escape models.

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confidence: 99%

Fleeting but Not Forgotten: The Imprint of Escaping Hydrogen Atmospheres on Super-Earth Interiors

Rogers,

Schlichting,

Young

2024

ApJ

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Planetary Atmospheres Through Time: Effects of Mass Loss and Thermal Evolution

Kubyshkina

2024

Handbook of Exoplanets

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The open-source sunbather code: Modeling escaping planetary atmospheres and their transit spectra

Linssen,

Shih,

MacLeod

et al. 2024

A&A

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Atmospheric escape is thought to significantly influence the evolution of exoplanets, especially sub-Jupiter planets on short orbital periods. Theoretical models predict that hydrodynamic escape could erode the atmospheres of such gaseous planets, leaving only a rocky core. Deriving atmospheric mass-loss rates from observations is necessary to check these predictions. One of the ways to obtain mass-loss-rate estimates is to fit transit spectra of the 10830 Å helium or UV metal lines with Parker wind models. We aim to provide the community with a tool that enables this type of analysis, and present sunbather an open-source Python code that can be used to model escaping exoplanet atmospheres and their transit spectra. sunbather incorporates the Parker wind code p-winds and the photoionization code Cloudy with the ability to calculate any currently known spectral tracer, using an arbitrary atmospheric composition. With sunbather we investigate how the atmospheric structure of a generic hot-Neptune planet depends on metallicity. We find that the mass-loss rate drops by roughly one order of magnitude as we increase the metallicity from solar to 50 times solar. Line cooling by metal species is already important for a solar composition, and is even more so at higher metallicity. We then demonstrate how sunbather can be used to interpret observations of spectral lines that form in the upper atmosphere. We fit the observed helium spectrum of the mini-Neptune TOI-2134 b and show how, even for helium data, the inferred mass-loss rate can change by a factor of up to three, depending on the assumed metallicity.

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aiolos – A multipurpose 1D hydrodynamics code for planetary atmospheres

Cited by 6 publications

References 99 publications

Fleeting but Not Forgotten: The Imprint of Escaping Hydrogen Atmospheres on Super-Earth Interiors

Fleeting but Not Forgotten: The Imprint of Escaping Hydrogen Atmospheres on Super-Earth Interiors

Planetary Atmospheres Through Time: Effects of Mass Loss and Thermal Evolution

The open-source sunbather code: Modeling escaping planetary atmospheres and their transit spectra

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