<scp>BowTie</scp> analysis of rooftop <scp>grid‐connected</scp> photovoltaic systems

Ong, Nur Aliah Fatin Mohd Nizam; Tohir, Mohd Zahirasri Mohd; Mutlak, Mays Mahmood; Sadiq, Muhammad Adnan; Omar, Rozita; Said, Mohamad Syazarudin Md

doi:10.1002/prs.12338

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This is because some undetected failures may lead to fire and catastrophic damage to the entire PV system [39]. For instance, critical degradation in some PV modules in an array system leads to mismatch, increasing the PV module's temperature and subsequently leading to fire [40,41]. Critical degradation in PV modules was also highlighted as initiating fire in a research project based in Germany [39].…”

Section: Poly-si Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Photovoltaic Module Failure and Degradation Mechanisms: Causes and Detection Techniques

Al Mahdi,

Leahy,

Alghoul

et al. 2024

Solar

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With the global increase in the deployment of photovoltaic (PV) modules in recent years, the need to explore and understand their reported failure mechanisms has become crucial. Despite PV modules being considered reliable devices, failures and extreme degradations often occur. Some degradations and failures within the normal range may be minor and not cause significant harm. Others may initially be mild but can rapidly deteriorate, leading to catastrophic accidents, particularly in harsh environments. This paper conducts a state-of-the-art literature review to examine PV failures, their types, and their root causes based on the components of PV modules (from protective glass to junction box). It outlines the hazardous consequences arising from PV module failures and describes the potential damage they can bring to the PV system. The literature reveals that each component is susceptible to specific types of failure, with some components deteriorating on their own and others impacting additional PV components, leading to more severe failures. Finally, this review briefly summarises PV failure detection techniques, emphasising the significance of electrical characterisation techniques and underlining the importance of considering more electrical parameters. Most importantly, this review identifies the most prevalent degradation processes, laying the foundation for further investigation by the PV research community through modelling and experimental studies. This allows for early detection by comparing PV performance when failures or degradation occur to prevent serious progression. It is worth noting that most of the studies included in this review primarily focus on detailing failures and degradation observed in PV operations, which can be attributed to various factors, including the manufacturing process and other external influences. Hence, they provide explanations of these failure mechanisms and causes but do not extensively explore corrective actions or propose solutions based on either laboratory experiments or real-world experience. Although, within this field of study, there are corresponding studies that have designed experiments to suggest preventive measures and potential solutions, an in-depth review of those studies is beyond the scope of this paper. However, this paper, in turn, serves as a valuable resource for scholars by confining PV failures to critically evaluate available studies for preventative measures and corrective actions.

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Section: Poly-si Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Photovoltaic Module Failure and Degradation Mechanisms: Causes and Detection Techniques

Al Mahdi,

Leahy,

Alghoul

et al. 2024

Solar

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is because some undetected failures may lead to fire and catastrophic damage to the entire PV system [24]. For instance, critical degradation in some PV modules in an array system leads to mismatch, increasing the PV module's thermal temperature and subsequently leading to fire [25,26]. Critical degradations of PV modules were also listed to initiate fire in a research project based in Germany [24].…”

Section: Mono-si Standalone 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Failure to detect poor bypass diodes may lead to serious safety issues [160,161]. Since bypass diodes are used to avoid PV failures that lead to hot-spotting, whenever they fail, the module loses its means of protection becomes vulnerable and, in the worst scenario, initiates fire [26,162]. Bakir [163] used an infrared imaging detection technique where he attached the thermal cameras to a drone to be flown over three solar plants that range between 2 and 3.5 MW.…”

Section: Junction Box and Bypass Diodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Photovoltaic Failure and Degradation Mechanisms

Al Mahdi,

Leahy,

Alghoul

et al. 2023

Preprint

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With the global increase of photovoltaic (PV) modules deployment in recent years, the need to explore and realize their reported failure mechanisms has become crucial. Despite PV modules being considered reliable devices, failures and extreme degradations often occur. Some degradations and failures can be minor and cause no critical harm if within the expected range. Others, may start mildly and then deteriorate faster to become catastrophic, especially in harsh environments. This paper conducts a state-of-the-art literature review to scan PV failures, types, and their root cause based on PV’s constructed components (from protective glass to junction-box). It outlines the hazardous consequences beyond PV module failures, describing what harm they can bring to the PV system. As we delve into the literature, it becomes clear that every component is vulnerable to certain types of failures; some can deteriorate within themselves, and others infect further PV components resulting in emerging more severe failures. In the end, the review briefly summarises PV failure detection techniques, emphasising electrical characterization techniques, and disclosing the need to engage more electrical parameters. Most importantly, this review can prepare the stage for the PV research community to identify the most prevalent degradation processes. This, in turn, encourages researchers to investigate them throughout modelling and experimental studies to forecast them at the early onset in order to protect the PV systems from hazardous malfunctions.

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“…There are numerous risk assessment tools available in the industry for assisting with the ALARP decision-making, such as hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), What-If, Bowtie, the layer of protection analysis (LOPA), and quantitative risk assessment (QRA), to name a few. 58,59 These risk assessment tools will identify the hazards that can potentially cause harm to human life, environmental impact, and asset damages. These steps ultimately lead to appropriate controls and mitigation measures to ensure ALARP.…”

Section: Alarp Demonstrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

ALARP demonstration in management of change using quantitative Bowtie analysis risk assessment tool for an offshore gas platform

Aziz

Said

2022

Process Safety Progress

Self Cite

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In this study, a framework for a quantitative Bowtie analysis based on the layer of protection analysis (LOPA) approach in the management of change (MOC) process flow was developed. The proposed tool can be used as a quantitative risk analysis method in supporting decisions when layers of protection or safeguards are unavailable. The proposed tool can quantify the frequency of the causes of a particular hazard via Fault Tree Analysis and identify the multiple consequences of the impact of the hazards with quantitative end events for risk analysis. The practicality of the proposed tool was demonstrated in a selected case study from the MOC database from Company A's offshore gas platform, where the consequences and impacts of the hazards to the people, environment, assets, and reputation were assessed. The LOPA quantification was introduced into the Bowtie diagram using a reliability database to determine the failure rates and probability of failure of the affected equipment. The risk tolerance level was subsequently determined.The outputs of risk analysis from the proposed quantitative Bowtie were then compared with the previous qualitative risk evaluation of the selected case study.Potential opportunities for further use of the proposed quantitative Bowtie tool were recommended.

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BowTie analysis of rooftop grid‐connected photovoltaic systems

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

A Review of Photovoltaic Module Failure and Degradation Mechanisms: Causes and Detection Techniques

A Review of Photovoltaic Module Failure and Degradation Mechanisms: Causes and Detection Techniques

A Review of Photovoltaic Failure and Degradation Mechanisms

ALARP demonstration in management of change using quantitative Bowtie analysis risk assessment tool for an offshore gas platform

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