COVID‐19 pathophysiology and ultrasound imaging: A multiorgan review

Abstract

COVID‐19 is a dynamic disease and may affect different tissues and organs as it progresses. Therefore, the impact generated by the disease in all its stages and organs requires a functional and versatile imaging technique able to detect particularities or artifacts dynamically. Ultrasonography fulfills all these requirements and exhibit several advantages relative to other imaging modalities, including portability, lower cost and biosafety. Throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic, ultrasonography displayed a crucial role in the triage, monitoring, indicating organ damages and enabling individualized therapeutical decisions in COVID‐19 patients. This review is dedicated to highlight the main pathological effects correlated with ultrasound changes caused by COVID‐19 in the lungs, heart and liver.

Tiny Lungs, Big Differences: Navigating the Varied COVID-19 Landscape in Neonates vs. Infants via Biomarkers and Lung Ultrasound

“…The statistically significant differences observed in specific areas, especially the right posterior superior and right posterior inferior regions, emphasize the need for detailed regional assessments and tailored monitoring strategies in both infant and neonatal populations impacted by COVID-19. Although the posterior regions continue to be the most affected, as previously indicated by other studies [25,42,45].…”

“…Examining this differentiation is crucial in enhancing our comprehension of COVID-19 pneumonia in these specific age groups and in developing customized therapeutic approaches [6,24,25]. By delineating the comparative effectiveness of lung ultrasound in neonates versus infants, we aim to unravel the subtleties that may alter diagnostic interpretations, impact clinical decisions, and ultimately guide optimized patient care.…”

Systematic review: general correlation of STEMI in adult patients after COVID-19

“…O aumento do risco de IAM em pacientes com Covid 19 está relacionado com o crescimento do risco de ruptura da placa coronária por hiperatividade de células inflamatórias (DEL PRETE et al, 2022). Somado a isso, é proposto o envolvimento de causas multifatoriais no dano ao sistema cardiovascular causado pelo SARS-Cov 2, tais como: 1) altas taxas de citocinas pró inflamatórias liberadas pelo sistema imune na tentativa de combater o vírus, que estão associadas a injúria do sistema circulatório, 2) desequilíbrio entre alta atividade metabólica para erradicar a doença e baixo débito cardíaco, causando hipóxia 3) lesão direta dos miócitos pelo vírus e 4) condições pró trombóticas devido a mobilidade reduzida e anormalidades na coagulação (ITO et al, 2022).…”

Oxygen therapy alternatives in COVID-19: From classical to nanomedicine

“…In addition, this interleukin has an important function in the vascular endothelium, negatively regulating cell adhesion molecules ( E -cadherins) and increasing the expression of endothelial growth factors, whose main consequence is the formation of edema and hypoalbuminemia. This results in a vicious cycle of inflammation that progressively hinders alveolar gas exchange [ 10 , 11 ]. This process favors thrombotic events and the formation of pulmonary microemboli, which are also limiting factors for pulmonary perfusion and oxygenation in COVID-19 [ 12 , 13 ].…”