“…However, due to the high cost of vanadium, widespread implementation of the all-vanadium RFBs have been limited . Hence, many other redox couple combinations like Zn/Br, , Fe/Cr, − Zn/Ce, , and all-Fe − have been developed in search for an alternative, low-cost RFB system. Meanwhile, many challenges remain in current RFBs, such as low energy density and energy storage efficiencies, and substantial system life-cycle costs. , …”