Health‐relatedquality of life and metabolic control in immigrant and Italian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and in their parents

Diabetes duration, perceived comfort with self‐management and glycaemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A cross‐sectional study

“…Second, race and immigration status were not taken into consideration in our multivariable analysis, and they are known to be predictive of glycaemic control in adolescents due to potential differences in cultural norms and practices, access to health care and physiology. 30,31 Third, service utilization (e.g., number of visits and contacts with diabetes team) was not considered as a covariate and could have an impact on glycaemic control. 32 Fourth, the TRAC questionnaire might not be able to fully capture transition readiness for adult diabetes care as it was developed for chronic diseases in general and not specifically for T1D.…”

“…First, the cross‐sectional design prevents us from looking at changes in trends throughout adolescence and during the transition to adult care. Second, race and immigration status were not taken into consideration in our multivariable analysis, and they are known to be predictive of glycaemic control in adolescents due to potential differences in cultural norms and practices, access to health care and physiology 30,31 . Third, service utilization (e.g., number of visits and contacts with diabetes team) was not considered as a covariate and could have an impact on glycaemic control 32 .…”

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: The delivery of ambulatory diabetes care to children and adolescents with diabetes

“…Data demonstrates that children with diabetes from migrant/minority families have less favorable glycemic outcomes, higher body mass index, less physical activity, lower utilization of technologies and higher frequency of diabetes-related hospitalization than native populations (Table S2). 140,141 As immigrants and refugees are usually not aware of the health insurance policies and organization of the heath system of their host countries, it must be ensured that children with diabetes have unrestricted access to a safe location to store insulin, glucagon, diabetes management-related consumables, and devices and that instructions are well understood and followed. Key points related to the ambulatory diabetes care of children from minority groups and immigrant populations are:…”

“…Data demonstrates that children with diabetes from migrant/minority families have less favorable glycemic outcomes, higher body mass index, less physical activity, lower utilization of technologies and higher frequency of diabetes‐related hospitalization than native populations (Table S2). 140,141 …”