IL‐7 and procalcitonin are useful biomarkers in the comprehensive evaluation of the severity of acute cholangitis

Abstract

The combined use of IL-7 and PCT may be useful for evaluating severe acute cholangitis; these results may suggest that severe acute cholangitis is affected by immunosuppressive changes.

Dynamic Monitoring of sTREM-1 and Other Biomarkers in Acute Cholangitis

“…Therefore, accurate and timely identification of AC with or without sepsis is essential for the optimal management of patients, further limiting morbidity and improving the prognosis of patients. WBC, CRP, and PCT have been widely used as biomarkers in nearly all studies of infection, but these biomarkers still have false positives and negatives in the diagnosis of infection and sepsis [7]. TREM-1 is a cell surface receptor expressed on myeloid cells.…”

“…When AC with sepsis appears, unless appropriate biliary drainage and antibiotics are rapidly given, the systemic condition will suddenly deteriorate, which often results in mortality [4]. The 30-day mortality rate of patients with sepsis caused by AC has been reported to be ∼10% [6,7]. In the Tokyo Guidelines, the selection of an empiric antimicrobial agent is dependent on severity of cholangitis [8].…”

“…However, the levels of WBC, CRP, PCT, and T are elevated in many noninfectious diseases such as autoimmune and rheumatic disorders, major surgery, and severe burns [14]. There are still false positives and false negatives in the diagnosis of AC and sepsis by WBC, CRP, and PCT tests [7]. In recent studies, there are different opinions on the specificity and sensitivity of parameters mentioned above in patients with AC and patients with sepsis caused by AC: Beliaev et al have found that lymphocyte count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and CRP have the highest discriminative powers to diagnose patients with AC, while WBC and albumin have the poorest [15]; Qin et al have figured out that abnormal WBC and CRP are two independent risks for ASC, and a high level of CRP indicates the presence of severe sepsis [1].…”

Acute cholangitis - an update

“…Patients with high pre-biliary drainage serum creatinine is also associated with higher mortality[ 46 ]. A recent study also suggested that serum IL-7 level of less than 6.0 and serum procalcitonin level of more than 0.5 was associated with higher mortality[ 47 ].…”

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of porcine peripheral blood reveals differentially expressed genes from the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway related to health status

“…For example, significantly elevated serum levels of cytokines were observed in bovine with clinical and subclinical mastitis (including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) (Sadek et al 2017) as well as in rabbits infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (including vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, IL-17A, and IL-18) (Dehnad et al 2016). Significant down-regulation of serum IL-7 was identified in acute human cholangitis (Suwa et al 2017), and substantial increase in plasma IL-6 level was observed in mice infected with influenza A virus (Chockalingam et al 2016) as well as in human patients infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Kato et al 2015). In fact, IL-6 has also been identified as a biomarker for ischemic stroke (Doll et al 2014), differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (Shaw et al 2014), and congenital heart D r a f t disease (Nassef et al 2014).…”