PTI‐ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity

Abstract

SummaryPlants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide‐binding/leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector‐triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster disease resistance and collectively trigger a cascade of downstream defence responses. This article provides a comprehensive review of plant defence responses, offering an overview of the stepwise activation of plant immunity and the interactions between PTI‐ETI synergistic signal transduction.

Unveiling the Role of RNA Recognition Motif Proteins in Orchestrating Nucleotide-Binding Site and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Gene Pairs and Chloroplast Immunity Pathways: Insights into Plant Defense Mechanisms

“…PTI acts as the initial line of defense, activated upon recognition of conserved PAMPs by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) [1,2]. Conversely, ETI represents a more targeted and robust defense mechanism triggered by the recognition of pathogen-specific effectors by intracellular receptors known as resistance (R) proteins [3,4]. These R proteins, predominantly members of the nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family, are categorized into two subfamilies, Toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-type NLRs (TNLs) and coiled-coil (CC)-type NLRs (CNLs), based on their domain composition [5].…”