<scp>R</scp>aman Monochromators and Polychromators

Pelletier, M. J.

doi:10.1002/0470027320.s0401

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 27 publications

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“…125,[351][352][353] As with miniature NIR spectrometers, 152 the technologies that enable small and portable Raman spectrometers have been driven by commercial applications: primarily CCDs 131 from cameras, with 785 nm diode lasers from optical storage and telecommunications, and also advances in mobile computing, cell phones, and battery technology. As background, the designs and performance of both laboratory and small Raman spectrometers have been covered in several books [354][355][356] and review articles, 127,[357][358][359][360][361][362] while reviews in Analytical Chemistry have highlighted both new commercial instrumentation and emerging applications; [363][364][365] technologies and applications for in vivo Raman spectroscopy have also been reviewed. 366 Some typical instruments were illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Raman Spectrometer Technologies and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portable Spectroscopy

Crocombe¹

2018

Appl Spectrosc

403

233

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Until very recently, handheld spectrometers were the domain of major analytical and security instrument companies, with turnkey analyzers using spectroscopic techniques from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for elemental analysis (metals), to Raman, mid-infrared, and near-infrared (NIR) for molecular analysis (mostly organics). However, the past few years have seen rapid changes in this landscape with the introduction of handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), smartphone spectroscopy focusing on medical diagnostics for low-resource areas, commercial engines that a variety of companies can build up into products, hyphenated or dual technology instruments, low-cost visible-shortwave NIR instruments selling directly to the public, and, most recently, portable hyperspectral imaging instruments. Successful handheld instruments are designed to give answers to non-scientist operators; therefore, their developers have put extensive resources into reliable identification algorithms, spectroscopic libraries or databases, and qualitative and quantitative calibrations. As spectroscopic instruments become smaller and lower cost, ''engines'' have emerged, leading to the possibility of being incorporated in consumer devices and smart appliances, part of the Internet of Things (IOT). This review outlines the technologies used in portable spectroscopy, discusses their applications, both qualitative and quantitative, and how instrument developers and vendors have approached giving actionable answers to non-scientists. It outlines concerns on crowdsourced data, especially for heterogeneous samples, and finally looks towards the future in areas like IOT, emerging technologies for instruments, and portable hyphenated and hyperspectral instruments.

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