tRNA‐derived RNAs: Biogenesis and roles in translational control

Abstract

Transfer RNA (tRNA)‐derived RNAs (tDRs) are a class of small non‐coding RNAs that play important roles in different aspects of gene expression. These ubiquitous and heterogenous RNAs, which vary across different species and cell types, are proposed to regulate various biological processes. In this review, we will discuss aspects of their biogenesis, and specifically, their contribution into translational control. We will summarize diverse roles of tDRs and the molecular mechanisms underlying their functions in the regulation of protein synthesis and their impact on related events such as stress‐induced translational reprogramming.This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Processing of Small RNAs Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs

Optimization of Anticodon Edited Transfer RNAs (ACE-tRNAs) Function in Translation for Suppression of Nonsense Mutations

“…Natural tRNA biogenesis and function in translation are a complex, multifaceted process 24–53 (Supplemental Figure 1). Much of the work done to improve nonsense suppressor tRNA (sup-tRNA) function has been examined in the context of genetic code expansion for the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids in response to a nonsense codon 54–56 .…”

Angiogenin regulates mitochondrial stress and function via tRNA-derived fragments generation and impacting tRNA modifications

“…In recent years, the tRNA epitranscriptome-a collective term used to refer to tRNA modifications, expression, and tRNA-derived small non-coding RNAs (tsRNAs)-has been recognized as a master regulator of cellular responses to stress [6][7][8] . Under stress conditions, sitespecific nucleases cleave the mature transfer RNA (tRNA) 9 , giving rise to tsRNAs that were generally divided into tiRNAs (stress induced tRNA halves) and tRFs (tRNA derived fragments) 10,11 . The earliest reports that mention the cleavage phenomenon were in the bacterium Escherichia coli 12,13 , the unicellular eukaryote Tetrahymena 14 , the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the plant Arabidopsis 15 .…”