Abstract:Flexible and hydrophobic biobased films were obtained using zein esterified with methanol and para-toluene (p-toluene) sulfonic acid, cutin from tomato peels and ethanol. Esterification was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Non-modified zein films were brittle and hydrophilic. ATR-FTIR demonstrated that zein esterification increased zein hydrophobicity. Without cutin, esterified zein films were hydrophobic but bri… Show more
“…To further confirm the successful grafting of SA onto AM-zein, the structures of AM-zein, AM-zein-SA, and SA were further characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Figure 6 shows the 1 H NMR spectra of AM-zein, AM-zein-SA, and SA in deuterated-DMSO solvent, where the sharp proton signal at δ = 2.43 was due to the proton peak of deuterated-DMSO, peak at δ = 3.49 in AM-zein was attributed to the proton of free primary amine [ 43 ], and peaks between δ = 0−3.2 corresponded to the proton signals of 19 aliphatic amino acids that make up the zein molecule [ 44 ]. Fig.…”
Background
There is a serious global problem of salinization of arable land, causing large reduction in world food production. Use of plant hormones is an effective way to reduce damage caused to crops and salt stress.
Results
In this study, PEI-EDA was modified with AM-zein and grafted with plant hormone SA (AM-zein-SA) and used as a nano-pesticide carrier to load emamectin benzoate (EB). The use of AM-zein-SA as a nano-pesticide carrier could reduce the damage caused by salt stress to crops. The structure of AM-zein-SA was characterized by FTIR, UV, fluorescence, Raman, and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. AM-zein-SA could effectively improve the resistance of EB to ultraviolet radiations, resistance of cucumber to salt stress, and the absorption of EB by plants. The experimental results showed that AM-zein-SA could effectively improve the anti-UV property of EB by 0.88 fold. When treated with 120 mmol NaCl, the germination rate of cucumber seeds under salt stress increased by 0.93 fold in presence of 6.25 mg/L carrier concentration. The POD and SOD activities increased by 0.50 and 1.21 fold, whereas the content of MDA decreased by 0.23 fold. In conclusion, AM-zein-SA nano-pesticide carrier could be used to improve the salt resistance of crops and the adhesion of pesticides to leaves.
Conclusion
AM-zein-SA, without undergoing any changes in its insecticidal activity, could simultaneously improve the salt stress resistance and salt stress germination rate of cucumber, reduce growth inhibition due to stress under high-concentration salt, and had a good effect on crops. In addition, EB@AM-zein-SA obviously improved the upward transmission rate of EB, as compared with EB. In this study, SA was grafted onto zein-based nano-pesticide carrier, which provided a green strategy to control plant diseases, insects, and pests while reducing salt stress on crops in saline-alkali soil.
Graphical Abstract
“…To further confirm the successful grafting of SA onto AM-zein, the structures of AM-zein, AM-zein-SA, and SA were further characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Figure 6 shows the 1 H NMR spectra of AM-zein, AM-zein-SA, and SA in deuterated-DMSO solvent, where the sharp proton signal at δ = 2.43 was due to the proton peak of deuterated-DMSO, peak at δ = 3.49 in AM-zein was attributed to the proton of free primary amine [ 43 ], and peaks between δ = 0−3.2 corresponded to the proton signals of 19 aliphatic amino acids that make up the zein molecule [ 44 ]. Fig.…”
Background
There is a serious global problem of salinization of arable land, causing large reduction in world food production. Use of plant hormones is an effective way to reduce damage caused to crops and salt stress.
Results
In this study, PEI-EDA was modified with AM-zein and grafted with plant hormone SA (AM-zein-SA) and used as a nano-pesticide carrier to load emamectin benzoate (EB). The use of AM-zein-SA as a nano-pesticide carrier could reduce the damage caused by salt stress to crops. The structure of AM-zein-SA was characterized by FTIR, UV, fluorescence, Raman, and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. AM-zein-SA could effectively improve the resistance of EB to ultraviolet radiations, resistance of cucumber to salt stress, and the absorption of EB by plants. The experimental results showed that AM-zein-SA could effectively improve the anti-UV property of EB by 0.88 fold. When treated with 120 mmol NaCl, the germination rate of cucumber seeds under salt stress increased by 0.93 fold in presence of 6.25 mg/L carrier concentration. The POD and SOD activities increased by 0.50 and 1.21 fold, whereas the content of MDA decreased by 0.23 fold. In conclusion, AM-zein-SA nano-pesticide carrier could be used to improve the salt resistance of crops and the adhesion of pesticides to leaves.
Conclusion
AM-zein-SA, without undergoing any changes in its insecticidal activity, could simultaneously improve the salt stress resistance and salt stress germination rate of cucumber, reduce growth inhibition due to stress under high-concentration salt, and had a good effect on crops. In addition, EB@AM-zein-SA obviously improved the upward transmission rate of EB, as compared with EB. In this study, SA was grafted onto zein-based nano-pesticide carrier, which provided a green strategy to control plant diseases, insects, and pests while reducing salt stress on crops in saline-alkali soil.
Graphical Abstract
“…Moreover, the spectral bands at 1701, 1170 cm −1 are assigned to the C=O in ester groups; the spectral band at 1032 cm −1 is assigned to the glycosidic linkages (C-O-C) stretching, implying that the saccharides and lignin co-existed [ 33 ]. Combined with the conclusion of HSQC, it can be concluded that the LCCs are one main form of lignin in membrane foulant, which is consistent with the current literature [ 34 ].…”
Acid saccharification of hemicelluloses offers promising pathways to sustainably diversify the revenue of the lignocellulose biorefinery industry. Electrodialysis to separate inorganic acids from acid hydrolysate in the hemicellulose saccharification process could realize the recovery of sulfuric acid, and significantly reduced the chemical consumption than the traditional ion exchange resins method. In this work, the deacidification of corncob acid hydrolysate was conducted by a homemade electrodialysis apparatus. The results showed that: (1) more than 99% of acid can be removed through the electrodialysis process; (2) A non-negligible membrane fouling occurred during the electrodialysis process, which aggravated with the repeated batch running The final global system resistance rose from 15.8 Ω (1st batch) to 43.9 Ω (10th batch), and the treatment ending time was delayed from 120 min (1st batch) to 162 min (10th batch); (4) About 90% of protein, 70% of ferulate acid, and 80% of p-coumarate acid precipitated from the corncob acid hydrolysate during the electrodialysis process. The zeta potential of corncob acid hydrolysate changed from a positive value to a negative value, and an isoelectric point around pH 2.3 was reached. HSQC, FTTR, and GPC, along with SEM and EDS analysis, revealed that the fouling layers mostly consisted of hydrolysates of protein and lignin. The result of HSQC indicated that the membrane foulant may exist in the form of lignin–carbohydrate complexes, as the lignin component of the membrane foulant is in the form of p-coumarate and ferulate. From the result of FTIR, a strong chemical bonding, such as a covalent linkage, existed between the lignin and protein in the membrane foulant. Throughout the electrodialysis process, the increased pH decreased the stability of colloidal particles, including lignin and proteins. Destabilized colloidal particles started to self-aggregate and form deposits on the anion exchange membrane’s surface. Over time, these deposits covered the entire membrane surface and the spaces between the membranes. Eventually, they attached to the surface of the cation exchange membrane. In the end, a suggestion to control and minimize membrane fouling in this process was discussed: lower pH as a process endpoint and a post-treatment method.
“…Corn, with a protein content of approximately 10%, exhibits varying protein distributions, with 20% in the germ and 76% in the endosperm . Corn protein is mainly made up of zein (65%–68%) and gluten (22%–23%), with small amounts of globulin and albumin (1.2%).…”
Section: Sources Of Plant Proteinmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…10 Corn, with a protein content of approximately 10%, exhibits varying protein distributions, with 20% in the germ and 76% in the endosperm. 11 Corn protein is mainly made up of zein (65%−68%) and gluten (22%−23%), with small amounts of globulin and albumin (1.2%). Corn protein has poor water solubility due to its high hydrophobic amino acid content, which limits its application as a supplementary nutrient.…”
Plant
proteins are high-quality dietary components of food products.
With the growing interest in sustainable and healthy food alternatives,
plant proteins have gained significant attention as viable substitutes
for animal-based proteins. Understanding the diversity of protein
sources derived from plants, novel processing technology, and multiple
applications is crucial for developing nutritious and sustainable
plant protein-based products. This Review summarizes the natural sources
of traditional and emerging plant proteins. The classifications, processing
technologies, and applications of plant protein-based products in
the food industry are explicitly elucidated. Moreover, the advantages
and disadvantages of plant protein-based food products are revealed.
Strategies such as protein fortification and complementation to overcome
these shortcomings are critically discussed. We also demonstrate several
issues that need to be addressed in future development.
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