Screen-Printed Glucose Sensors Modified with Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) for Cell Culture Monitoring

Abstract

Glucose sensors are potentially useful tools for monitoring the glucose concentration in cell culture medium. Here, we present a new, low-cost, and reproducible sensor based on a cellulose-based material, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidized-cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). This novel biocompatible and inert nanomaterial is employed as a polymeric matrix to immobilize and stabilize glucose oxidase in the fabrication of a reproducible, operationally stable, highly selective, cost-effective, screen-printed glucose sensor. The sensors have a linear range of 0.1–2 mM (R2 = 0.999) and a sensitivity of 5.7 ± 0.3 µA cm−2∙mM−1. The limit of detection is 0.004 mM, and the limit of quantification is 0.015 mM. The sensor maintains 92.3 % of the initial current response after 30 consecutive measurements in a 1 mM standard glucose solution, and has a shelf life of 1 month while maintaining high selectivity. We demonstrate the practical application of the sensor by monitoring the glucose consumption of a fibroblast cell culture over the course of several days.

Fluorescence-Based Sensing of Pesticides Using Supramolecular Chemistry

“…Nanoparticles are generally the easiest structure to access synthetically (Tarannum et al, 2019), and therefore enjoy practical advantages that nanocrystals and other nanostructures do not. Nonetheless, nanocrystals enjoy extremely high sensitivity to a range of analytes due to their precise crystalline structure (Tang et al, 2020a), and other nanostructures can have tailored aspect ratios to facilitate similarly highly sensitive responses (He et al, 2020b). Notable drawbacks to the use of nanomaterials include the fact that they usually contain toxic metals; this toxicity is a concern throughout the life cycle of the nanomaterial and can lead to complicated disposal procedures (Domi et al, 2020).…”

A Review on the Role and Performance of Cellulose Nanomaterials in Sensors

“…For instance, the use of the oxidant agent 2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as a mediator in the oxidation process is a widely used and promising procedure. 58,192,195 It enables oxidation of primary hydroxyl groups from cellulose in aldehydes, which are further converted (using other reagents) into charged carboxyl groups. 235,236 The process is advantageous for being one-step and specific for primary alcohol groups of polysaccharides, keeping secondary ones unaffected.…”

Cultivating Multidisciplinarity: Manufacturing and Sensing Challenges in Cultured Meat Production

“…Different principles of glucose sensors based on electrochemical and optical detection were recently proposed in the literature for application in BRs [ 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 ]. The innovative combination of droplet microfluidics and optical detection methods was proposed by Adams and coworkers for rapid measurements of glucose levels in the µBR systems [ 247 ].…”

“…A cost-effective solution by using screen-printed electrodes for glucose monitoring in the BRs was proposed by Tang et al [ 252 ]. The novelty of this study is in introducing a nanomaterial polymer matrix of oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) for the covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase through carbodiimide chemistry.…”