Screen-Printed Graphite Electrode Modified with Graphene-Co3O4 Nanocomposite: Voltammetric Assay of Morphine in the Presence of Diclofenac in Pharmaceutical and Biological Samples

Abstract

This work focuses on the development of a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of morphine in the presence of diclofenac. The facile synthesis of graphene-Co3O4 nanocomposite was performed. The prepared material (graphene-Co3O4 nanocomposite) was analyzed by diverse microscopic and spectroscopic approaches for its crystallinity, composition, and morphology. Concerning the electrochemical determinations, after drop-casting the as-fabricated graphene-Co3O4 nanocomposite on the surface of a screen-printed graphite electrode (SPGE), their electrochemical performance was scrutinized towards the morphine detection. It was also found that an SPGE modified by a graphene-Co3O4 nanocomposite exhibited better electrocatalytic activity for morphine oxidation than unmodified electrode. Under optimal conditions, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed to explore the present sensor (graphene-Co3O4/SPGE), the findings of which revealed a linear dynamic range as broad as 0.02–575.0 µM and a limit of detection (LOD) as narrow as 0.007 μM. The sensitivity was estimated to be 0.4 µM/(µA cm2). Furthermore, the graphene-Co3O4/SPGE sensor demonstrated good analytical efficiency for sensing morphine in the presence of diclofenac in well-spaced anodic peaks. According to the DPV results, this sensor displayed two distinct peaks for the oxidation of morphine and diclofenac with 350 mV potential difference. In addition, the graphene-Co3O4/SPGE was explored for voltammetric determination of diclofenac and morphine in pharmaceutical and biological specimens of morphine ampoule, diclofenac tablet, and urine, where recovery rates close to 100% were recorded for all of the samples.

Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors, and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Opioids and Their Analogs: Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Forensic Applications

“…Finally, the practical application of this sensor was evaluated for the determination of morphine and diclofenac in morphine tablets, diclofenac tablets, and urine specimens using DPV with standard addition methods. Recovery results were satisfactory [86].…”

“…Beitollahi and coworkers [86] went on to synthesize a graphene-Co 3 O 4 nanocomposite, which was used to coat the surface of a screen-printed graphite electrode (SPGE) for the creation of a modified graphene-Co 3 O 4 /SPGE sensor. This sensor was used to determine morphine combined with diclofenac in biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations.…”

Unveiling Morphine: A Rapid and Selective Fluorescence Sensor for Forensic and Medical Analysis

“…A variety of methods have been developed for the detection of controlled and illicit drugs; they mainly include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [ 45 , 46 , 47 ], gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) [ 48 , 49 , 50 ], electrochemical sensors [ 7 , 51 , 52 ], electrochemical luminescence [ 53 , 54 , 55 ], fluorescence spectroscopy [ 56 , 57 ], and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [ 58 , 59 , 60 ]. However, these methods have certain shortcomings, such as a complexity in analysis, the need for highly trained operators, long pre-treatment periods, and high costs [ 59 , 61 , 62 ].…”