Screening and optimization of staphylokinase from Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal swab of healthy students in Himachal Pradesh University, India

Biofilm Formation and its Association with Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

“…Bacterial isolation was done on 5% blood agar and identification was done by Gram staining and conventional methods like 3% catalase test, slide/tube coagulase, mannitol fermentation, golden yellow pigment demonstration on nutrient agar, DNase test. 2,4 Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The following antibiotics included were penicillin (10 units), cefoxitin (30 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), azithromycin (15 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), doxycycline (30 µg), levofloxacin (5 µg), norfloxacin (10 µg), ofloxacin (5 µg), nitrofurantoin (300 µg), clindamycin (2 µg), rifampicin (5 µg), linezolid (30 µg), moxifloxacin (5 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg).…”

“…Beta-lactamase degrades beta-lactam antibiotics by hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring rendering them ineffective. 4,5 S. aureus in addition to its bacterial antibiotic resistance can develop a biofilm which is a complex multilayered cellular matrix and a significant virulence factor; as a result, antibiotic diffusion is inhibited. 6 All of these variables contribute to a high level of antibiotic resistance among hospital-acquired bacteria.…”