Screening for Drugs of Abuse (II): Cannabinoids, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Buprenorphine, Methadone, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines and other Drugs

Simpson, Danny; Braithwaite, R. A.; Jarvie, D R; Stewart, M J; Walker, G. Stewart; Watson, Ivan; Widdop, B.

doi:10.1177/000456329703400502

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 322 publications

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“…Since these initial developments there has been a rapid expansion in this area and a wide spectrum of recreational drugs can now be detected in human hair. These include opiates, heroin/morphine, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and LSD as well as a number of the metabolites arising from the drugs (Braithwaite et al 1995), (Sachs and Raff, 1993), (Nakahara, 1995), (Goldberger et al 1998), (Segura et al 1999), (Polettini et al 1993), (Rohrich et al 2000a), (Simpson et al 1997). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method of analysis is now used widely around the world (Karacic et al 2002), (Jurado et al 1996), (Baumgartner et al 1989), (Bourland et al 2000), , (George and Braithwaite, 1997), (Kikura et al 1997), (Uematsu, 1993), (Marsh and Evans, 1994) (Marsh et al 1995), , (Simpson et al 1997), (Nakahara et al 1997 Introduction -Hair Analysis testing of drugs in sport, are reticent about using this approach, and continue to use, primarily, urinary analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Recreational Drug Use: A Major Risk Factor for Gastroschisis?

Draper

Rankin

Tonks

et al. 2008

Obstetrical &Amp; Gynecological Survey

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational Drug Use: A Major Risk Factor for Gastroschisis?

Draper

Rankin

Tonks

et al. 2008

Obstetrical &Amp; Gynecological Survey

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“…[1][2][3] Benzodiazepines bind to a non-specific site of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, leading to increased GABA affinity to the receptor site. [4,10,11] Various methods for determination of benzodiazepines and zolpidem from pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples from living or deceased abusers, have been reported including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), [12] gas chromatography (GC), [13] gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), [14,15] gas chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (GC-MS/MS), [16] liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), [17,18] and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). [4] Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic having similar action with 1,4-benzodiazepines and belongs to imidazopyridine class.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous ESI‐APCI(+) ionization and fragmentation pathways for nine benzodiazepines and zolpidem using single quadrupole LC‐MS

Galaon

Vacaresteanu

Anghel

et al. 2013

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Nine important 1,4-benzodiazepines and zolpidem were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using a multimode ionization source able to generate ions using both electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and a single quadrupole mass analyzer. An optimum chromatographic separation was applied for all target compounds in less than 8 minutes using a Zorbax Eclipse Plus column (100 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) kept at 35°C and a 0.3% HCOOH/ ACN/IPA (61:34:5) mobile phase pumped at 1 ml/min. Optimization of LC-MS method generated low limit of quantitation (LOQ) values situated in the range 0.3-20.5 ng/ml. Comparison between differences in method sensitivity, under specified chromatographic conditions, when using ESI-only, APCI-only, and simultaneous ESI-APCI ionization with such a multimode source was discussed. Mixed ESI-APCI(+) mode proved to be the most sensitive ionization generating an average 35% detector response increase compared to ESI-only ionization and 350% detector response increase with respect to APCI-only ionization. Characterization of the nine benzodiazepines and zolpidem concerning their MS fragmentation pathway following 'in-source' collision-induced dissociation is discussed in detail and some general trends regarding these fragmentations are set.

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“…This is in contrast to laboratories that handle large numbers of samples for pre-employment screening where the proportion of positive samples is much lower. 2 Previously in our laboratory, as in many other laboratories, 3,4 urine samples were analysed for drugs of abuse using multiple screening and confirmatory stages ( Table 1). The results from the different methods were combined and interpreted to produce a report that stated which drugs had been detected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a clinically relevant liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for 13 drugs of abuse in urine, designed to meet the needs of the service users

et al. 2010

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Background: The clinical requirements of the users of assay results must be at the centre of assay development. We aimed to develop a single liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for drugs of abuse in urine that would meet the needs of our service users and replace the multiple screening and confirmatory techniques previously in use. Methods: After discussion with our users, it was decided that 13 drugs and metabolites should be measured in our panel: morphine, codeine, norcodeine, dihydrocodeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, acetyl codeine, methadone and its metabolite, buprenorphine and its metabolite, amphetamine, benzoylecgonine and cotinine. Urine samples were prepared by the addition of internal standard, enzymatic hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction. Chromatography conditions were optimized so that the analytes were separated within a run time of 6 min. Optimal parent to daughter m/z ion transitions were chosen for all drugs and daughter ion ratios were used. Results: The LC-MS/MS assay was successfully validated with acceptable precision and lower limits of quantification for all drugs. No matrix effects were seen. The results produced by the LC-MS/MS assay compared well with the previous combination of techniques in use. Conclusions: We have developed and validated a fit-for-purpose LC-MS/MS assay for 13 drugs of abuse in urine that obviates the need for multiple screening and confirmatory analytical techniques.

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Screening for Drugs of Abuse (II): Cannabinoids, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Buprenorphine, Methadone, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines and other Drugs

Cited by 35 publications

References 322 publications

Recreational Drug Use: A Major Risk Factor for Gastroschisis?

Recreational Drug Use: A Major Risk Factor for Gastroschisis?

Simultaneous ESI‐APCI(+) ionization and fragmentation pathways for nine benzodiazepines and zolpidem using single quadrupole LC‐MS

Development of a clinically relevant liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for 13 drugs of abuse in urine, designed to meet the needs of the service users

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