Screening male prisoners for depression and anxiety with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 at NHS Healthcheck: patterns of symptoms and caseness threshold

Butcher, Elizabeth; Packham, C.; Williams, Marie; Miksza, Joanne; Kaul, Adarsh; Khunti, Kamlesh; Morriss, Richard

doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03453-2

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…According to our findings, 75%, 38.3%, and 36.7% of individuals, respectively, exhibited mild to extremely severe stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms. Recently published studies found that being incarcerated is consistently related to an increased risk of poor mental health [ 41 , 42 ]. Furthermore, we found higher levels of depression and anxiety than those indicated by research on depression worldwide – where depression was 33.7%, and anxiety was 31.9% [ 43 ]—and lower than among Iranian and Ethiopian prisoners, where depression varied between 44% and 66.4% and anxiety between 56.3% and 66.9% [ 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear of COVID-19, Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Young Adult Male Inmates: A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study

Mendes

Baccon

Laranjeira

2023

IJERPH

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Inmates are highly exposed to mental and physical disorders. Therefore, periodic screening of their mental health and other health risks is required. This study aims to investigate the perceived fear of COVID-19 and the psychological impact of the pandemic in a sample of young adult male inmates. An institutional-based quantitative cross-sectional study design was performed. Data collection took place from July to September 2022 at a juvenile prison in the central region of Portugal. Data were collected using questionnaires on demographic and health characteristics; fear of COVID-19; depression, anxiety and stress levels; and resilient coping. The sample included 60 male inmates imprisoned for over 2 years. Stress was the most common symptom among inmates (75%), followed by anxiety (38.3%) and depression (36.7%). The mean score on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was 17.38 ± 4.80, indicating relatively low fear levels. Low resilient scores were found in 38 participants (63.3%). Participants reported moderately high ranges of 3.62 ± 0.87 regarding mental health perception, 3.73 ± 0.95 for physical health perception, and 3.27 ± 0.82 for global health concerning the previous month. The Pearson correlation matrix indicated significant and moderate to strong correlations between fear of COVID-19 and mental health-related variables (p < 0.001). The predicting factors of fear of COVID-19 were identified by deploying a multiple linear regression model. We found four predictors: age, perception of mental health, and overall levels of anxiety and stress (R2 = 0.497). Fear of a given scenario or factor may shift with time. Therefore, long-term research is needed to evaluate whether fear of COVID-19 is adaptive or long-reactive in victims. Our study can assist policymakers, mental health and public health experts, and others in recognizing and managing pandemic-related fears and mental health symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear of COVID-19, Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Young Adult Male Inmates: A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study

Mendes

Baccon

Laranjeira

2023

IJERPH

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“…The median score for our prison sample was 11, indicating that just over half were reporting symptoms consistent with PTSD and over onethird (34.9 percent) were in the "severe anxiety" category of 15 and up. In a prison survey conducted in 2019, Butcher et al (2021) found that only around a third of British prisoners (31.4 percent) scored above 10 and only 18 percent above 15. In our research during the lockdown, 52.5 percent scored above 10 and 34.4 percent scored over 15.…”

Section: A Case Study Of the Pandemic Lockdown In England And Walesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future of the Prison

Maruna¹,

McNaull²,

O'Neill³

2022

Crime and Justice

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Since the discovery of the "jail disease," probably typhus, in the 18 th Century, health experts have recognized that the prison is a near perfect incubator of contagious disease. Early in the Covid-19 pandemic, therefore, public health authorities and human rights groups advocated immediate and sustained decarceration of overcrowded prisons to save lives and stop the spread of the virus. Yet, decarceration efforts globally were uneven and largely failed to live up to expectations. Instead, prison systems typically sought to control the spread of Covid-19 by imposing strict "lockdowns" on prisoner movement that bordered on long-term solitary confinement in many jurisdictions. The consequences of these severe conditions on prisoners' mental and physical health are only just emerging. The ramifications for future prison reform efforts may be more profound. If a deadly pandemic is not enough to instigate a reimagining of the role of prison in society, it is unclear what could. * * * *Disease has played a central role in shaping episodes of public controversy about the humanity of punishment. Disease has a distinctive power to strip away the general invisibility of life that takes place behind the walls of prison, and narrow the gulf that normally separates the fate of prisoners from the imagination of the free. These moments have been particularly consequential because of their potential to motivate legal elites ... to "see" the existing penal regime anew and actively to reimagine the American prison. (Simon 2013, p. 223) In his sweeping history of the "medical model" in prison, Jonathan Simon argues that disease has been the primary catalyst of change in prison policy and practice since the origins of the institution. Beginning with what the English reformer John Howard described as the "jail disease" (presumably typhus) that spread through prisons in the late 1700s, Simon argues that the correctional enterprise has been "repeatedly reshaped by moments of heightened concern about disease, prisons, and the general health of the public" (p. 218). New diseases and new discoveries in medicine and public health, he argues, led to "periodic transformations [in] … correctional philosophy and ultimately constitutional understandings of the prison" (p. 218). Labelled the worst public health crisis for a generation (Maycock and Dickson 2021; Maycock 2022), the Covid-19 pandemic appears to be a perfect example of history repeating itself. From its onset, the pandemic has highlighted the extreme vulnerability of incarcerated populations. By February 29, 2020, half of reported Wuhan Covid-19 cases were within the city's penal institutions, and an outbreak at a prison 450 miles away was traced to Wuhan officials who had visited and possibly infected seven prison guards and 200 prisoners (Barnert, Ahalt, and Williams 2020). The first Covid-19 diagnosis in a US prison was announced in March 2020 (Pitts and Inkpen 2020) and the first death was only weeks later, on March 26, 2020. Within eight months, the number of prisoner death...

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“…Instrument items reflect symptom clusters of poor sleep. 47 PHQ-9 item 3, which asks how often participants had difficulty falling or staying asleep in the previous 2 weeks, is significantly correlated with total Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score, a well-accepted measure of insomnia symptoms. 44 Epidemiology studies have used the question to identify insomnia.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“It was terrible, I didn’t sleep for two years”: A mixed methods exploration of sleep and its effects among family caregivers of in-home hospice patients at end-of-life

et al. 2022

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Background: Due to overnight caregiving demands; exacerbation of high rates of anxiety, depression, and distress; and inadequate support, millions of family caregivers of patients receiving in-home hospice are at risk of poor sleep and negative health effects. Aim: To describe sleep experiences of family caregivers of in-home hospice patients and perceptions of these experiences on caregivers’ wellbeing in the context of caregiver health and live-in status. Design: Developed using the Symptom Management Model, this mixed methods study featured a concurrent nested design prioritizing qualitative reflexive thematic analysis. Setting/participants: About 47 family caregivers of in-home hospice patients from two randomized clinical trials (NCT03712410, NCT02929108) were interviewed (United States, 2021). Anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), quality-of-life (QOL) (CQLI-R), and self-rated health and energy were reported prior to interviews. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed three themes: compromised sleep quality, factors influencing sleep, effects of sleep. 72.5% of hospice family caregivers described “fair” or “poor” sleep quality, with “ interrupted” sleep and frequent night-waking due to “ on-call” “ vigilance” and anxiety. Negative effects included exhaustion, mental and physical health decline, and reduced caregiver function. Live-in caregivers reported higher mean depression scores (8.4 vs 4.3, p = 0.08), higher mean anxiety scores (7.7 vs 3.3, p = 0.06), and lower mean QOL scores (24.8 vs 33.6, p < 0.001) than live-out caregivers. Anxiety, depression, and QOL worsened as self-reported caregiver sleep quality decreased. Few caregivers had adequate support. Conclusion: End-of-life family caregivers experience disrupted sleep with negative effects and inadequate support. Clinicians must assess sleep, offer sleep interventions, and provide more supports to hospice family caregivers.

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Screening male prisoners for depression and anxiety with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 at NHS Healthcheck: patterns of symptoms and caseness threshold

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Fear of COVID-19, Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Young Adult Male Inmates: A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study

Fear of COVID-19, Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Young Adult Male Inmates: A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future of the Prison

“It was terrible, I didn’t sleep for two years”: A mixed methods exploration of sleep and its effects among family caregivers of in-home hospice patients at end-of-life

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