Screening Mammography in 35 - 60 Years Age Group

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Screening mammography among 35-60 years of age group of patients has been clearly shown to reduce mortality from breast cancer. METHODS: Patients were selected from OPDs of various departments. Patients of 35-60 years of ages were included as part of the study. Detail family and menstrual history were taken and then mammography of both breasts was performed. RESULTS: Out of 60 cases coming for screening mammography, 42 were found to be some type of lesions in mammography; however 18 patients were with no findings. Commonest breast density found to be scattered areas of fibro glandular density followed by heterogeneously dense breasts. Most of the patients with heterogeneously dense breast density were found to be in their luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Lesions were classified according to BIRADS category. CONCLUSION: Screening mammography can detect various breast lesions both in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals and thereby helping patient managements. KEYWORDS: Menstrual cycle, Luteal phase, Follicular phase, Breast, Mortality. INTRODUCTION:The use of mammography has increased rapidly over the last decade. The justification for mammographic examinations is the potential benefit they provide in detecting breast cancer at an early stage and reducing mortality. However, this benefit must be balanced against the associated potential risk of radiation carcinogenesis, economic costs, and a number of other factors. Most publications to date have used radiation risk factors and data from studies that were published over a decade ago, which now have been superseded by the results of more recent epidemiological studies. 1 It is recommended that women age 40 and older have regular mammograms. Screening is important because the earlier cancer is detected the better the chances are for successful treatment and survival. When detection occurs before any spread, the five-year survival rate is 97%. After spread to the local lymph nodes, it is 76%. After metastasis to other organs, the five-year survival rate is 20%. 2 Mammography is useful in discovering tumors too small to be felt. The procedure involves taking an X-ray of the breast with a very low radiation dose. It has been shown that there is little risk from the exposure for women over 35 who have annual mammograms. However, for younger women who are at high risk for breast cancer due to their BRCA status, exposure to X-rays may lead to an increase in risk. 1 Screening mammograms can find cancers and cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS, a noninvasive tumor in which abnormal cells that may become cancerous build up in the lining of breast ducts) that need to be treated. False-positive results occur when radiologists decide mammograms are abnormal but no cancer is actually present. False-positive results are more common for younger women, women who have had previous breast biopsies, women with a family history of breast cancer, and women who are taking estrogen (For example, menopausal hormone therapy).False-negative results occur when ma...

The effect of freezing on cryosurvival of yak sperm

“…In accordance with the present findings, Hazarika et al (2012) reported ejaculate volume, initial sperm motility, sperm concentration and live sperm count of fresh yak semen irrespective of animals to be 2.83 ± 0.08 ml, 71.5 ± 0.57 %, 1182.5 ± 3.23 million/ml and 80.05 ± 0.74 % respectively. Borah et al (2015a) reported mean sperm motility and percent live sperm in fresh semen of yak bulls immediately after collection to be 73.00 ± 0.84 and 80.00 ± 0.78 respectively.…”