“…In Korea, the apiculture industry has been developing since the 1970s, with a continuous increase in beekeeping farms and hives, but the recent increase in diseases such as sacbrood virus, Nosema disease (Nosema ceranae), chalkbrood disease (Ascosphaera apis), and American foulbrood disease (Paenibacillus larvae) among honeybees in Korea, as well as problems with invasive alien species such as Varroa destructor, Tropilaelaps mercedesae, and Aethina tumida, has led to decreases in honey productivity, and a decline in the beekeeping industry as a whole (Choi et al 2006;Kim et al 2008;Kim et al 2018;Lee et al 2010). In particular, the introduction of an invasive alien hornet species, Vespa velutina nigrithorax du Buysson, in Busan in 2003 has caused severe economic impacts to beekeeping farmers in Korea (Choi et al 2012b;Jung et al 2008;Kim et al 2006).…”