Screening of Indian Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes): A UPC2-SQD-MS Approach

Abstract

Oriental medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used for the promotion of health and longevity owing to its various bioactive constituents. Therefore, comprehending metabolomics of different G. lucidum parts could be of paramount importance for investigating their pharmacological properties. Ultra-performance convergence chromatography (UPC2) along with mass spectrometry (MS) is an emerging technique that has not yet been applied for metabolite profiling of G. lucidum. This study has been undertaken to establish metabolomics of the aqueous extracts of mycelium (GLM), fruiting body (GLF), and their mixture (GLMF) using ultra-performance convergence chromatography single quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPC2-SQD-MS). Aqueous extracts of G. lucidum prepared using an accelerated solvent extraction technique have been characterized for their mycochemical activities in terms of total flavonoid content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl scavenging activity, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power. The UPC2-SQD-MS technique has been used for the first time for metabolite profiling of G. lucidum on a Princeton Diol column (4.6 × 250 mm; 5 µm) using supercritical CO2 (solvent) and 20 mM ammonium acetate in methanol (co-solvent). In the present study, UPC2-SQD-MS was found to be a rapid, efficient, and high-throughput analytical technique, whose coupling to principal component analysis (PCA) and phytochemical evaluation could be used as a powerful tool for elucidating metabolite diversity between mycelium and fruiting body of G. lucidum. PCA showed a clear distinction in the metabolite compositions of the samples. Mycochemical studies revealed that overall GLF possessed better antioxidant properties among the aqueous extracts of G. lucidum.

Phenolic Rich Fractions from Mycelium and Fruiting Body of Ganoderma lucidum Inhibit Bacterial Pathogens Mediated by Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Protein Leakage and Modulate Hypoxic Stress in HEK 293 Cell Line

“…Regarding aqueous extracts, GLMaq gave a higher percentage yield by weight (5.7%) than GLFaq (2.8%). This observation is in concurrence with previous reports where aqueous extract of G. lucidum mycelium, prepared by accelerated solvent extraction, gave better yield than G. lucidum fruiting body [13]. Between the diethyl ether fractions, GLFdee gave a fairly better yield (3.8%) than GLMdee (3.28%).…”

“…Though any particular trend pertaining to the antioxidant capacity of the phenolic fractions was not obtained, it was clearly observed that both the mycelium and fruiting body fractions possessed substantial antioxidant potential. Similar observations were acquired for aqueous, methanolic, and ethyl acetate fractions of G. lucidum where both mycelium as well as the fruiting body exhibited appreciable antioxidant activities [13].…”

“…Additionally, it can be stated here that the antioxidant potential of the diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions of GL mycelium and fruiting body in terms of TPC, TFC, and FRAP potential might be ascribed to the presence of numerous semipolar compounds in them. Such semipolar compounds have previously been reported to possess seemingly high antioxidant potential [13].…”

“…FRAP of the various GLMaq, GLFaq and PRFs, was determined using a method described previously [13]. Here, different concentrations of trolox ranging from 400 µ M to 12.5 µ M were taken as standards.…”

“…ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid) free-radical scavenging assay was carried out as described previously [13]. Different concentrations of trolox ranging from 800 µ M to 50 µ M were taken as standards.…”