Screening of Most Effective Variables for Development of Gastroretentive Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles by Taguchi Design

Abstract

The objective of this study was the selection of the most influential variable for the preparation of gastroretentive mucoadhesive nanoparticles of acyclovir. Nanoparticles were prepared by one-step desolvation method; effect of formulation and processing variables on various response variables were studied by a Taguchi standard orthogonal array L8 design. Independent variables studied were the amount of gelatin, amount of glutaraldehyde, amount of Pluronic F-68, acetone addition rate, pH, stirring time, and stirring speed. The dependent variables studied were the particle size, polydispersity index, amount of drug released in 6 h, time required to release 60% of drug, entrapment efficiency, loading efficiency, and mucoadhesiveness. The size of all nanoparticulate formulations prepared as per the experimental design (Taguchi screening design) varied between 165 and 1610 nm, PDI between 0.360 and 1.00, bioadhesiveness between 3.959 and 11.02 g, cumulative percent drug release in 24 h between 40.74 and 72.48, entrapment efficiency between 15.70 and 83.12, and loading efficiency between 39.72 and 80.49. Pareto ranking analyses showed that the two most important factors affecting the selected responses were amount of gelatin and amount of Pluronic F-68 (P<0.05).

Adsorptive removal of lead and arsenic from aqueous solution using soya bean as a novel biosorbent: equilibrium isotherm and thermal stability studies

“…The particle size and Polydispersity Index of adsorbent before accumulation of metal were determined using zetasizer (Zetasizer-ZEN 2600 Malvern instrument, Ltd., UK) equipped with Malvern PCS software at Sophisticated Analytical Instrumental Laboratory (SAIL), RGPV Bhopal, India (Kharia and Singhai 2013).…”

Exemestane encapsulated vitamin E-TPGS–polymeric nanoparticles: preparation, optimization, characterization, andin vitrocytotoxicity assessment

“…As the OVAT approach cannot establish the ''cause and effect'' relationship when all variables are changed simultaneously. QbD emphasizes the systematic development and optimization of pharmaceutical product by employing experimental designs such as factorial design (Kharia and Singhai 2013). Factorial design estimates the influence of individual variable in all possible combinations with other variables in minimum experimentation, time, and cost.…”

Development and optimisation of mucoadhesive nanoparticles of acyclovir using design of experiments approach

“…On the basis of screening studies, amount of gelatin and Pluronic F-68 were selected for the optimisation study (Kharia and Singhai, 2013), using face-centred CCD (with a ¼ 1), which allows assessment of curvature and makes the design to be rotatable (Xu et al, 2012). A two-factor, three-level designs were used to explore the RSM using Design-Expert Õ software (trial version 8.0.6, Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN).…”

“…Finally, after stirring at specified speed and for specified period of time, the NPs were purified by three-fold centrifugation (16 000g for 20 min at 4 C) and redispersion in 10 mL mixture of acetone:water (3:7 v/v). The supernatant was removed and the pellets were resuspended in distilled water, and finally prepared NPs were freeze-dried (Lyophilizer, Christ, Nuremberg, Germany) using 5% w/v glucose solution as a cryoprotectant and formulation was stored in vials (Marty et al, 1978;Coester et al, 2000;Ofokansi et al, 2010;Saraogi et al, 2010;Kharia and Singhai, 2013).…”

“…A contact force of 10 g was maintained for 300 s, after which the probe was withdrawn from the membrane. After the adhesive bond has formed, the force (g) required to separate the bond was recorded as mucoadhesive strength as reported previously (Kharia and Singhai, 2013).…”