Screening of Q-markers for the wine-steamed Schisandra chinensis decoction pieces in improving allergic asthma

Abstract

Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) posits that Chinese medicinal materials can only be clinically used after being processed and prepared into decoction pieces. Schisandra Chinensis Fructus (derived from the dried and mature fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) has been used as a traditional antiasthmatic, kidney strengthening, and hepatoprotective agent for 2000 years. The results of previous research show that decoction pieces of wine-steamed Schisandra chinensis (WSC) are more effective than raw decoction pieces of Schisandra chinensis (RSC) for treating cough and asthma. Steaming with wine was demonstrated to promote the dissolution of ingredients. However, the relationship between the changes in the components of the decoction pieces of WSC and the therapeutic effect remains unclear. Methods The efficacies of decoctions of RSC and WSC were compared using allergic asthma rats. The potential bioactive components in the serum of the WSC treatment group and the changes in the chemical composition of the RSC decoction pieces before and after wine steaming were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC H-CLASS XEVO TQD) to speculate quality markers (Q-markers) related to the efficacy of WSC, which were subsequently verified based on a zebrafish inflammation model. Results Steaming RSC decoction pieces with wine was found to promote improvement of allergic asthma. Reverse tracing of 22 components detected in the serum of the high dose group of WSC (WSC-H) resulted in 12 ingredients being finally designated as potential effective components. Among these ingredients, 5 components, Schisandrin, Schisandrol B, Schisandrin A, Schisandrin B, and Gomisin D, had higher dissolution rates than RSC after steaming with wine. Validation by an inflammatory zebrafish model showed that these 5 ingredients had a dose-dependent effect and were therefore Q-markers for WSC in the treatment of allergic asthma. Conclusion In this study, changes in the components of decoction pieces of RSC and WSC and Q-markers related to WSC efficacy were identified, providing valuable information for expanding the application of WSC and establishing a specific quality standard for WSC.

Discovery and verification of anti‐inflammatory‐related quality markers in the aerial part of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium by UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS and in RAW 264.7 cells and a zebrafish model

“…Except for the normal group, the zebrafish of each group were anaesthetized with water containing 0.1% tricaine, and their tails were cut off on a triangular plate covered with 2% agarose with a sterile scalpel. After amputation, the zebrafish were placed in water at 28.5°C for 2 h to establish the inflammation model 13 . After the zebrafish inflammation model was successfully established, the zebrafish were treated for 2 h with 200 mL of protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, hypericin, rutin, quercetin, isorhamnetin (100 mM), SSa, SSb 1 (12.5 mM), or ABS 95% alcohol extract (400 μg/mL).…”

“…After amputation, the zebrafish were placed in water at 28.5 C for 2 h to establish the inflammation model. 13 After the zebrafish inflammation model was successfully established, the zebrafish were treated for 2 h with 200 mL of protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, hypericin, rutin, quercetin, isorhamnetin (100 mM), SSa, SSb 1 (12.5 mM), or ABS 95% alcohol extract (400 μg/mL). Thereafter, the zebrafish in each group were anaesthetized in an ice water bath.…”

A Na2MoO2F4:Mn4+ phosphor with red luminescence peaking at 625 nm and a ZPL/v6 intensity ratio of 243%

“…[10][11][12] In K 2 SiF 6 :Mn 4+ , since the 2 E g -4 A 2g transition of Mn 4+ in K 2 SiF 6 is both parity-and spin-forbidden and Mn 4+ substitutes Si 4+ in a normal [SiF 6 ] octahedron, the ZPL exhibits almost zero intensity. [13][14][15] If the ZPL became the strongest peak, due to the luminescence peak shift from 630 nm to 620 nm, the sensitivity to the human eye would be increased by B10%. 16,17 Therefore, it is of interest to prepare Mn 4+ -doped phosphors with intense ZPL.…”

“…Later, a KNaMoO 2 F 4 :Mn 4+ phosphor 22 and an A 2 MoO 2 F 4 :Mn 4+ (A = Rb, Cs) phosphor 23,24 were synthesized, with a tunable ZPL/v 6 intensity ratio in the following order of KNaMoO 2 F 4 :Mn 4+ 4 Rb 2 MoO 2 F 4 :Mn 4+ 4 Cs 2 MoO 2 F 4 :Mn 4+ . Recently, we summarised all the oxyfluoride phosphors, 15 and found that doping Mn 4+ into an oxyfluoride with distorted octahedra, however, does not necessarily guarantee an intense ZPL. It is still a leftover question that how the relative intensity of ZPL could be enhanced and to what extent.…”

Rapid identification of chemical compositions of three species of Schisandra chinensis by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole‐orbitrap‐mass spectrometry

“…According to the theory of Chinese medication, processing and configuring into decoction pieces steps are normally needed before the medicinal materials can be used clinically [10]. The processing of SS was first described in the “Jin Gui Yu Han Jing” by Zhang Zhong Jing in the Han Dynasty.…”