Screening of Wood/Forest and Vine By-Products as Sources of New Drugs for Sustainable Strategies to Control Fusarium graminearum and the Production of Mycotoxins

Abstract

Fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen that can colonize small-grain cereals and maize and secrete type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins. The development of environmental-friendly strategies guaranteeing the safety of food and feed is a key challenge facing agriculture today. One of these strategies lies on the promising capacity of products issued from natural sources to counteract crop pests. In this work, the in vitro efficiency of sixteen extracts obtained from eight natural sources using subcritical water extraction at two temperatures was assessed against fungal growth and TCTB production by F. graminearum. Maritime pine sawdust extract was shown to be extremely efficient, leading to a significant inhibition of up to 89% of the fungal growth and up to 65% reduction of the mycotoxin production by F. graminearum. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of this active extract revealed the presence of three families of phenolics with a predominance of methylated compounds and suggested that the abundance of methylated structures, and therefore of hydrophobic compounds, could be a primary factor underpinning the activity of the maritime pine sawdust extract. Altogether, our data support that wood/forest by-products could be promising sources of bioactive compounds for controlling F. graminearum and its production of mycotoxins.

Proteome Analysis and In Vitro Antiviral, Anticancer and Antioxidant Capacities of the Aqueous Extracts of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus Edible Mushrooms

“…Those values are higher than those recorded by Rahimah et al, who used the ammonium and Shinoda tests to quantify the total flavonoid content of P. ostreatus as 6.67 mg/g of extract [ 53 ]. Additionally, our results are higher than those found by Montibus et al, who assayed the TPC in L. edodes extracts using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and found 0.8–1.5% dry weight (dw) in the caps and 0.8–1.1% dw in the stipes [ 54 ].…”

Molecular Docking and Comparative Inhibitory Efficacy of Naturally Occurring Compounds on Vegetative Growth and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis in Fusarium culmorum

“…Phenolic and polyphenolic natural compounds proved effective inhibitors against trichothecene-producing strains of Fusaria [21,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Various mechanisms were proposed to explain the ability of such compounds to interfere with the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, e.g., transcriptional control of TRI genes [30,42], modification of the fungal membrane permeability [36,43,44], inhibition of fungal enzymes [29,45], and attenuation of oxidative stress [46].…”

Bioprospecting Phenols as Inhibitors of Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium: Sustainable Approaches to the Management of Wheat Pathogens

“…Oufensou et al [166] tested an equimolar solution of thymol and magnolol, which had an additive effect on F. graminearum, possibly due to the different mode of action of the two compounds, or/and to the ability of one compound of the mixture to cross the fungal membrane, thereby improving the delivery of the other compound. Accordingly, plant extracts including various phenolic compounds and terpenes were highlighted as promising antifungal agents, the efficacy of which was attributed to a potential synergistic effect of the different components [225,226]. Recently, Montibus et al [226] investigated the effect of maritime pine sawdust, a by-product from the industry of wood transformation, which includes, among other bioactive molecules, 11 compounds belonging to three families of phenolics, namely phenolic acids, lignans, and flavonoids, on various strains of F. graminearum.…”