Scrotal granulomatous aspergillosis in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Scaglione, Frine Eleonora; Peano, Andrea; Piga, Sara; Meda, Stefano; Bollo, E.; Cannizzo, Francesca Tiziana; Pasquetti, Mario; Jensen, Henrik Elvang

doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1001-z

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The camel world population is around 30 million heads (Faye, 2015). Respiratory diseases are among the main factors responsible for high mortality rates in dromedary camels (Al-Ruwaili, Khalil & Selim, 2012); Bakhesh (Alhendi, 2000;Gebru et al, 2018;Li et al, 2017;Scaglione et al, 2017). Among respiratory infectious diseases, viral and bacterial infections are usually correlated with most losses (Schwartz, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels

Shawaf

Al-Mubarak

Alhumam

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background Tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have proven to be useful tools for the identification of disease-associated changes in the respiratory tract in human and different animal species. In the dromedary camel, little is known about cytological analysis of TW and BAL in health and disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytological composition of TW and BAL in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels. Methods TW and BAL samples were collected from dromedary camels and cytological analysis was performed by microscopic examination of prepared smears. Camels with clinical respiratory disease (n = 18) were compared with apparently healthy (control) camels (n = 9). Results In the apparently healthy camels, differential cytological analysis of TW samples identified macrophages and neutrophils as the main cell populations with lesser proportions of lymphocytes and epithelial cells and very rare abundance of eosinophils and mast cells. In the TW of camels with respiratory disease, neutrophils were the most abundant cells followed by macrophages and lymphocytes. In the BAL of healthy camels, macrophages represented the main cell type followed by lymphocytes and neutrophils. In respiratory-diseased camels, BAL samples contained higher percentages of neutrophils with reduced percentages of macrophages and lymphocytes in comparison to camels from the control group. Collectively, the results of the current study revealed higher abundance of neutrophils in the TW and BAL from dromedary camels than many other veterinary species. The cytological patterns of TW and BAL from camels with respiratory diseases were characterized by increased proportion of neutrophils and decreased proportion of macrophages in comparison to healthy camels. The proportion of lymphocytes was also decreased in TW samples from diseased camels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels

Shawaf

Al-Mubarak

Alhumam

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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“…There are fewer reports of aspergillosis in mammals compared with that of the avian species. However, cases have been described in dogs, cats, horses, cows, camels, marine mammals, and nonhuman primates . Environmental factors and contamination of bedding or feed contribute to the sources of Aspergillus spores …”

Section: Predisposing Factors and Species Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In horses, aspergillosis is localized to the head causing intermittent epistaxis, mucopurulent nasal discharge, dysphagia, laryngeal paralysis, and Horner's syndrome . In camels, aspergillosis causes scrotal granulomas …”

Section: Clinical Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,38 In camels, aspergillosis causes scrotal granulomas. 28 All symptoms of aspergillosis found through physical examination and patient history are nonspecific and do not represent stand-alone diagnostics. However, they do serve as the first line of inquiry to direct further clinical investigations or to bolster findings from more specific diagnostic tests.…”

Section: Clinical Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The current status of avian aspergillosis diagnoses: Veterinary practice to novel research avenues

Savelieff¹,

Pappalardo

Azmanis

2018

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Aspergillus fungal infections continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in birds that can, in part, be attributed to the lack of a diagnostic "gold standard" for Aspergillus infection, and which delays the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of avian patients. At present, none of the available methods in veterinary care can detect aspergillosis early enough and with the accuracy, precision, and specificity required of an ideal diagnostic tool. Therefore, researching methods of Aspergillus detection is still an active area of inquiry, and novel techniques continue to emerge. This review will provide a brief overview of current clinical methods, with an emphasis on avian care, in addition to a series of techniques in development that could offer distinct advantages over existing methods.

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“…Respiratory diseases are among the most common and expensive to treat diseases in camels with a high economic impact on camel health, welfare, and production [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Causative agents of camel respiratory infectious diseases mainly include viral and bacterial pathogens [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune cell composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy and respiratory diseased dromedary camels

2022

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Background Respiratory diseases are among the most common and expensive to treat diseases in camels with a great economic impact on camel health, welfare, and production. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) has been proven as a valuable sample for investigating the leukocyte populations in the respiratory tract of several species. In the present study, fluorescent antibody labeling and flow cytometry were used to study the immune cell composition of BALF in dromedary camels. Animals with clinical respiratory diseases (n = seven) were compared with apparently healthy animals (n = 10). In addition, blood leukocytes from the same animals were stained in parallel with the same antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Camel BALF macrophages, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were identified based on their forward and side scatter properties. The expression pattern of the cell markers CD172a, CD14, CD163, and MHCII molecules on BALF cells indicates a similar phenotype for camel, bovine, and porcine BALF myeloid cells. The comparison between camels with respiratory disease and healthy camels regarding cellular composition in their BALF revealed a higher total cell count, a higher fraction of granulocytes, and a lower fraction of macrophages in diseased than healthy camels. Within the lymphocyte population, the percentages of helper T cells and B cells were also higher in diseased than healthy camels. The elevated expression of the activation marker CD11a on helper T cells of diseased camels is an indication of the expansion of helper T cells population due to infection and exposure to respiratory pathogens. The higher abundance of MHCII molecules on BALF macrophages from diseased camels indicates a polarization toward an inflammatory macrophage phenotype (M1) in respiratory diseased camels. No significant differences were observed in the systemic leukogram between healthy and diseased animals. Conclusions Collectively, the current study represents the first report on flow cytometric analysis of immune cell composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in dromedary camels.

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Scrotal granulomatous aspergillosis in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels

Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels

The current status of avian aspergillosis diagnoses: Veterinary practice to novel research avenues

Immune cell composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy and respiratory diseased dromedary camels

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