Scrub Typhus and Military Operations in Indochina

Corwin, Andrew L.; Soderquist, R.; Suwanabun, Nantavadee; Sattabongkot, Jetsumon; Martin, L. D.; Kelly, Daryl J.; Beecham, James

doi:10.1086/520468

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…[14][15][16][17] The burden of disease in rural areas of Asia is large, with studies showing scrub typhus causing up to 20% of febrile hospital admissions, 18 -20 an incidence of infections of greater than 3% of the population monthly, 21 seroprevalence over 50% of the population, despite a significant annual rate of reversion to seronegativity of 50% of cases, 22 and a seroconversion rate of 484 per 1,000 person-years. 23 In 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated, "Scrub typhus is probably one of the most underdiagnosed and underreported febrile illnesses requiring hospitalization in the region." 24 This opinion remains valid today and could justifiably be adjusted to scrub typhus is probably the single most prevalent, under-recognized, neglected, and severe but easily treatable disease in the world.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unresolved Problems Related to Scrub Typhus: A Seriously Neglected Life-Threatening Disease

Paris

Shelite²,

Day

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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277

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unresolved Problems Related to Scrub Typhus: A Seriously Neglected Life-Threatening Disease

Paris

Shelite²,

Day

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

294

277

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“…Thus, until recently, the efforts to produce an effective vaccine that began during and immediately after World War II diminished dramatically, primarily because of the existence of effective, rapid-acting antibiotic treatments. The need for greater emphasis on prevention such as would be afforded by an effective vaccine has been prompted by increasing evidence that suggests the presence of antibiotic refractility, the difficulty in diagnosing a disease that mimics several other febrile illnesses, and the increasing popularity of ecotourism in areas of endemicity [32,58,[62][63][64][65][66]. These developments are presently driving renewed efforts to develop a vaccine, particularly by the US Department of Defense.…”

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confidence: 99%

Scrub Typhus: The Geographic Distribution of Phenotypic and Genotypic Variants ofOrientia tsutsugamushi

et al. 2009

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Orientia tsutsugamushi is the etiological agent of scrub typhus, an acute, mite-borne, febrile illness that occurs in the Asia-Pacific region. Historically, strain characterization used serological analysis and revealed dramatic antigenic diversity. Eyeing a recommendation of potential vaccine candidates for broad protection, we review geographic diversity and serological and DNA prevalences. DNA analysis together with immunological analysis suggest that the prototype Karp strain and closely related strains are the most common throughout the region of endemicity. According to serological analysis, approximately 50% of isolates are seroreactive to Karp antisera, and approximately one-quarter of isolates are seroreactive to antisera against the prototype Gilliam strain. Molecular methods reveal greater diversity. By molecular methods, strains phylogenetically similar to Karp make up approximately 40% of all genotyped isolates, followed by the JG genotype group (Japan strains serotypically similar to the Gilliam strain but genetically non-Gilliam; 18% of all genotyped isolates). Three other genotype groups (Kato-related, Kawasaki-like, and TA763-like) each represent approximately 10% of genotyped isolates. Strains genetically similar to the Gilliam strain make up only 5% of isolates. Strains from these groups should be included in any potential vaccine.

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“…Scrub typhus is typically treatable with doxycycline, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol. However, recent reports of decreased effectiveness of appropriate antibiotic treatment and prophylaxis (12,32,47,50) emphasize the need for the development of a vaccine that will protect individuals from disease caused by infection with one of the many disparate strains of O. tsutsugamushi (26,42).…”

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confidence: 99%

Scrub Typhus Vaccine Candidate Kp r56 Induces Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Cynomolgus Monkeys

et al. 2005

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A truncated recombinant 56-kDa outer membrane protein of the Karp strain of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Kp r56) was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for immunogenicity and safety as a vaccine candidate for the prevention of scrub typhus. This recombinant antigen induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in two monkeys and was found to be well tolerated. Antigen-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG were produced to almost maximal levels within 1 week of a single immunization. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated animals showed an induction of antigen-specific proliferation and gamma interferon production. The Kp r56 was not as efficient as infection with live organisms in preventing reinfection but was able to reduce the inflammation produced at the site of challenge. This report describes the results of the first systematic study of the immunogenicity of a recombinant scrub typhus vaccine candidate in a nonhuman primate model.

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Scrub Typhus and Military Operations in Indochina

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Unresolved Problems Related to Scrub Typhus: A Seriously Neglected Life-Threatening Disease

Unresolved Problems Related to Scrub Typhus: A Seriously Neglected Life-Threatening Disease

Scrub Typhus: The Geographic Distribution of Phenotypic and Genotypic Variants ofOrientia tsutsugamushi

Scrub Typhus Vaccine Candidate Kp r56 Induces Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Cynomolgus Monkeys

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