Scutellarin Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Activated Microglia/Brain Macrophage in Cerebral Ischemia and in Activated BV-2 Microglia Through Regulation of MAPKs Signaling Pathway

Neuroprotective Effect for Cerebral Ischemia by Natural Products: A Review

“…It has demonstrated that scutellarin is benefit to brain injury caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion due to its anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory effects and ability to attenuate neuronal damage ( Wang and Ma 2018 ). Scutellarin could effectively suppress the inflammatory response in activated microglia/brain macrophage in experimentally induced cerebral ischemia, whose underlying mechanism was associated with suppressing the phosphory c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), increasing phosphorylation extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) ( Chen H.-L et al, 2020 ). In MCAO rats given scutellarin 100 mg/kg treatment, neurological scores were significantly improved coupled with a marked decrease in infarct size, which was found that scutellarin had a neuroprotective effect, amplified TNC1 astrogliosis and activated microglia to remodel injured tissue via notch pathway ( Fang et al, 2015 ; Fang et al, 2016 ).…”

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Products on Cerebral Ischemia

“…Anisalcohol is a phenolic compound that was originally isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume ( Chen H. L. et al, 2020 ). Anisalcohol has ability to significantly decrease TNF-α and increase IL-10 and TGF-β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells (a murine microglial cell line).…”

Changes in microglia during drug treatment of stroke

“…A stroke is considered to be a sudden burst in the nervous system caused by damage to the perfusion of blood vessels to the brain, so an important step in T A B L E 1 The role of drugs in the treatment of cerebral ischemia Medicine Function References Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (GJ-4) GJ-4 inhibits the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of the transcription 1 (STAT1) pathway to suppress microglia activation and decrease the inflammatory protein expression. [6] Melatonin Shifting the microglia phenotype from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory polarity in a STAT3dependent manner [7] Wnt-3a Improving the microglia/macrophage and astrocyte toxicity response in ischemic brain injury [8] Kellerin from Ferula sinkiangensis Kellerin from Ferula sinkiangensis inhibits microglia activation and reduces proinflammatory cytokine levels and inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway, reduces ROS production and NADPH oxidase activity [9] Pterostilbene Inhibition of microglia ROS/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways [10] Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ) DBZ inhibits NF-κB activity, enhances Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity, and alters M1/M2 polarization [11] Stepharine Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway and microglia hyperactivation [12] TWS119 Improving the neuroinflammatory microenvironment by modulating the shift of microglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype [13] 6-Gingerol Inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory responses through downregulation of the Akt-mTOR-STAT3 pathway [14] Cottonseed oil Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway and reduction of A1 phenotypic neurotoxic astrocyte activation [15] β-caryophyllene Suppressing microglia activation and regulating their polarization through the TLR4 pathway to exert its anti-inflammatory effects [16] Scutellarin Anti-inflammatory effects on AM/BM via MAPKs pathway [17] PAP-1 (Kv1.3 channel blocker) Reducing microglia NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle activation by shifting the microglia phenotypic response from M1 to M2 [18] 8e Regulation of superoxide formation in activated microglia via the PI3Kγ/AKT/NOX2 signaling pathway, which, in turn, prevents neuronal death in adjacent neurons [19] Calycosin Enhancing endogenous BDNF production and microglial activation [20] Eerdun Wurile Strengthening the expression of Igf1 and Igf2 in neurons and microglia [21] Minocycline Promoting microglia M2 polarization and inhibiting M1 polarization via the STAT1/STAT6 pathway [22] Xueshuantong injection (lyophilized) combined with salvianolate lyophilized injection Inhibition of oxidative stress and the Nrf-2/Keap1 pathway [23] Berberine (BBR) Promoting functional recovery and angiogenesis after MCAO through AMPK-dependent microglia M2 polarization…”