SDG synergy between agriculture and forestry in the food, energy, water and income nexus: reinventing agroforestry?

Noordwijk, Meine van; Duguma, Lalisa; Dewi, Sonya; Leimona, Beria; Catacutan, Delia; Lusiana, Betha; Öborn, Ingrid; Hairiah, Kurniatun; Minang, Peter A.

doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.09.003

Cited by 121 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Agriculture is the primary activity for 2.5 billion people worldwide [3]. According to van Noordwijketal [7], agriculture is essential for achieving the SDGs through the interaction of three broad categories of the SDGs, namely its redistributive power and benefits, sustaining a resources base and demand for human resources appropriation. While Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving Food Security in a Climate Change Environment: Considerations for Environmental Kuznets Curve Use in the South African Agricultural Sector

Ngarava

Zhou

Ayuk

et al. 2019

Climate

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This study relates agricultural income and agricultural carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the context of environmental Kuznets curves for South Africa. We posit likely relationships between UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 1, 2 and 13, relating food production to climate change action. CO2 emissions, income, coal energy consumption and electricity energy consumption time series data from 1990 to 2012 within the South African agricultural sector were used. The autoregressive distributive lag bounds-test and the error correction model were used to analyse the data. The results show long-run relationships. However, agricultural income was only significant in the linear and squared models. Changes in agricultural CO2 emissions from the short run towards the long run are estimated at 71.9%, 124.7% and 125.3% every year by the linear, squared and cubic models, respectively. Exponentially increasing agricultural income did not result in a decrease in agricultural CO2 emissions, which is at odds with the Kuznets hypothesis. The study concludes that it will be difficult for South Africa to simultaneously achieve SDGs 1, 2 and 13, especially given that agriculture is reliant upon livestock production, the largest CO2 emitter in the sector. The sector needs to shift to renewable energy consumption with fewer CO2 emissions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving Food Security in a Climate Change Environment: Considerations for Environmental Kuznets Curve Use in the South African Agricultural Sector

Ngarava

Zhou

Ayuk

et al. 2019

Climate

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“…This kind of synthetic work is also needed to help address what seems to be a persistent dichotomy in agroforestry research between studies in ecology and agronomy, which tend to focus on the agricultural productivity and environmental outcomes of agroforestry practices, and studies in international development that emphasize human well-being outcomes of agroforestry interventions.7 | DISCUSSION7.1 | Summary of main resultsAgroforestry has been widely practiced, promoted, and studied across the L&MICs of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Given its prevalence and promise, agroforestry is promoted for its potential to provide a vital contribution to advancing several of the 2030 UN SDGs(Van Noordwijk et al, 2018;Waldron et al, 2017). Indeed, high-level policy documents in many L&MICs now explicitly call for the integration of trees into farming systems (FAO 2013) and international donors have invested billions of dollars in agroforestry interventions around the world (AidData 2017; Tierney et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

The impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well‐being in low‐and middle‐income countries: An evidence and gap map

Miller

Ordoñez

Brown

et al. 2019

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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This EGM includes studies that evaluate the effects of agroforestry practices and interventions on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being.A total of 20,271 studies were identified. Only 396 of these met the inclusion criteria to be retained for the EGM. Of these studies, 344 examined the effects of agroforestry practices only, 40 examined the effects of agroforestry interventions, and 12 were systematic reviews (SRs). The studies spanned the period from 2000 to mid-2017, with India, Indonesia, China, and Ethiopia the most studied countries. Most of the studies were observational. Only eight studies used rigorous quasi-experimental methods to evaluate the impacts of agroforestry interventions. None of the included studies used experimental designs (random assignment).

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“…Functionality considerations can be grouped under provisioning services (or productivity of land), regulating services (e.g., with respect to water or nitrogen balance) and cultural services (e.g., landscape beauty). WaNuLCAS model outputs were used to calculate two components, LER P for provisioning and LER R for regulating services, of a multifunctional LER M (van Noordwijk et al, 2018). For systems with only two components, as simulated here, the productivity LER P component was calculated as:…”

Section: Scenario Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Khasanah et al (2015a) found that LER values up to 1.8 are feasible for teak-maize systems in Central Java. As suggested recently (van Noordwijk et al, 2018), an extended LER M index (with m = multifunctionality) can include further aspects of multifunctionality and ecosystem services beyond commodity production. This can be used to analyse landscape mosaics with monocultures as well as mixed cropping systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oil Palm Agroforestry Can Achieve Economic and Environmental Gains as Indicated by Multifunctional Land Equivalent Ratios

Khasanah¹,

Noordwijk

Slingerland

et al. 2020

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Driven by increased global demand for vegetable oil in the food and biofuel sectors, oil palm plantations based on monoculture technology have expanded into lowland tropical forests. Interest in diversified, mixed oil palm systems is increasing as these might increase efficiency of the use of land and other resources, reduce farmer risk, and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit product. Land Equivalent Ratio for provisioning services (LER P) values above 1.0 show that at least some diversified systems use land more efficiently than monocultures and are thus "land sparing," where monoculture LER P cannot exceed 1.0. Diversification also modifies climate and water regulating functions ("land sharing") relative to a forest reference, as indicated in the LER R index. A "multifunctional" LER M indicator combines both; land sparing plus land sharing effects jointly determine expected regulating services. Empirical assessment of multiple ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes is assisted by models that synthesise process-based knowledge, especially for perennial systems where welldesigned experiments require a full production cycle, and are costly and scarce. Agroforestry models explore spacing, intercropping and soil management options, predicting harvestable yields, impacts on water flows, nutrient leaching, and greenhouse gas emissions. We used the process-based Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in Agroforestry System (WaNuLCAS) model to explore mixed oil palm + cocoa and oil palm + pepper intercrop systems with modified ("double row") planting patterns for Indonesian contexts and estimated consequences for the carbon footprint. The oil palm + cocoa intercrop provided a high LER P (1.4), while also replenishing more ground water and having a lower C footprint. This combination also has a return to labour equal to that in oil palm monocultures and a higher benefit cost ratio than the oil palm + pepper combination that maximizes Net Present Value. Oil palm + cocoa systems are also less sensitive to price uncertainty for oil palm, and buffer for oil palm and cocoa production risks, assumed to be independent of each other. Considerable economic and environmental system improvements appear to be feasible through mixed oil palm systems and diversification as a pathway to intensification deserves full attention of research and policy development.

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SDG synergy between agriculture and forestry in the food, energy, water and income nexus: reinventing agroforestry?

Cited by 121 publications

References 55 publications

Achieving Food Security in a Climate Change Environment: Considerations for Environmental Kuznets Curve Use in the South African Agricultural Sector

Achieving Food Security in a Climate Change Environment: Considerations for Environmental Kuznets Curve Use in the South African Agricultural Sector

The impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well‐being in low‐and middle‐income countries: An evidence and gap map

Oil Palm Agroforestry Can Achieve Economic and Environmental Gains as Indicated by Multifunctional Land Equivalent Ratios

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