“…The saponin content was measured by pulverising the prepared red ginseng using a grinder (HMF-3250S; Hanil Electric Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea), followed by hot water extraction for 4 h using an autoclave (DA-AC-80; Donga Science, Siheung-si, Korea) at 100 ± 5°C, filtration using a 110 nm filter (No. 2; Advantec Toyo Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), vacuum concentration using a vacuum evaporator (RE-2000E; Dooyoug HI-TECH, Seoul, Korea), and lyophilised powder preparation using a freeze dryer (Lyovapor L200; BÜCHI Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) and a vibrating body (GY-200; Guan Yeu Machinery Factory, Chang-Hua Hsien, Taiwan) with a 60-mesh according to the methods provided by the Health Functional Food Code (KFDA 2012) and Lim et al (2019). In this study, the ginsenoside standards used were ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3 (20R), and Rg3 (20S) (Ambo Institute, Daejeon-si, Korea).…”