Sea Spray Icing: The Physical Process and Review of Prediction Models and Winterization Techniques

Abstract

Ice accretion on marine vessels and offshore structures is a severe hazard in the Polar Regions. There is increasing activities related to oil and gas exploration, tourism, cargo transport, and fishing in the Arctic. Ice accretion can cause vessel instability, excess load on marine structures and represents a safety risk for outdoor working environment and operations. Freezing sea spray is the main contributor to marine icing. For safe operations in cold climate, it is essential to have verified models for prediction of icing. Sea spray icing forecast models have improved. Empirical and theoretical models providing icing rates based may be useful as guidelines. For predicting the distribution of icing on a surface at the design stage, Computational Fluid Dynamics has to be applied along with a freezing module. State-of-the-art models for numerical simulation of sea spray icing are still not fully capable of modelling complex ship-sea-wind interactions with spray generation and impact of shipped water. Existing models include good understanding of spray flow effects and freezing. Further development should focus on developing models for dynamic ship-sea-wind interactions, in particular including spray generation, effects of shipped water and distribution of icing on the vessel surface. More experimental and full-scale data is needed for development and verification of new and improved models. Models that estimate ice distribution may improve the winterization design process and reduce effort required for de-icing. Improved methods for de-icing and anti-icing will reduce the impact of sea spray icing and increase safety for marine operations in cold waters.

A Review of Icing Research and Development of Icing Mitigation Techniques for Fixed-Wing UAVs

“…The piezoelectric deicing technique has also been developed for aviation [127] the current flows in one direction, the piezoelectric crystal bends. Thus, there are tw for piezoelectric materials to achieve deicing: one is when high-frequency AC is a to piezoelectric actuators [128], the substrate vibrates at a very high frequency, a stress generated destroys the ice and substrate; the other is to let the piezoelectr stance work in the low-frequency band and excite the resonant frequency of the str [129].…”

“…The piezoelectric deicing technique has also been developed for aviation [127]. When the current flows in one direction, the piezoelectric crystal bends.…”

Basic Principles (Indicators) for Assessing the Technical and Economic Potential of Developing Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Fields

“…For example, with increasing activity related to oil and gas exploration and production, as well as cargo transportation in the Arctic region, there is a growing need for predicting ice conditions at different temporal and spatial scales [55][56][57]. Researchers also note the need to study ice accretion on vessels and offshore structures, as this poses a serious hazard, can cause ship instability and overloading of offshore structures and poses a risk to the safety of operations [58]. This is why many studies cover the operation and sustainable development of shipping and port activities on Arctic routes, with several main areas highlighted for further study being the management approach to Arctic transport and logistics challenges, logistics systems for access to Arctic routes, development of large cluster projects in this area and management of specific (ice) vessels [59].…”

Design, Development and Deployment of a Novel Sea Spray Collector for Sea-Spray Flux Measurements

“…However, smaller ships, particularly fishing vessels vulnerable to icing, may lack sufficient power for active methods, and during hazardous icing events, it may not be feasible for the crew to use passive techniques (Naseri and Barabady, 2016;Barabadi et al, 2016). It is also important to consider that even with the implementation of anti-and de-icing measures, it does not guarantee safety in severe conditions (Deshpande et al, 2021).…”