Sea Spray Production and Influence on Air-sea Heat And Moisture Fluxes over the Open Ocean

Andreas, Edgar L.; DeCosmo, Janice

doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9291-8_13

Cited by 56 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…The values for the constants obtained in present study imply that only spray mediated latent flux have a role on the heat flux transfer. This is in contrast to the results obtained in Andreas et al (2008) and Andreas and DeCosmo (1999) where they found β to be positive non-zero value. Also, it contradicts with the conclusion that spray sensible heat flux is the 20 primary route by which spray affects the storm energy as stated in Andreas and Emanuel (2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(7) and (8) we know that the sea spray fluxes depend on the volume flux of sea spray ejected in the DEL. For the purpose of this study, we followed the procedure described in Andreas and DeCosmo (1999) and utilised the HEXOS dataset (DeCosmo, 1991). Andreas et al (2008) utilised the same HEXOS dataset together 10 with FASTEX dataset (Persson et al, 2005) to obtain the constant terms for the spray flux algorithm.…”

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The Effects of Sea Spray and Atmosphere–Wave Coupling on Air–Sea Exchange during Tropical Cyclone

Garg¹,

Ng²,

Srikanth³

2017

Preprint

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Abstract. The study investigates the role of air-sea interface using numerical simulations of an Atlantic Hurricane Arthur (2014). More specifically, present study aims to discern the role ocean surface waves and sea spray play in modulating the intensity and structure of a tropical cyclone (TC). To investigate the effects of ocean surface waves and sea spray, numerical simulations were carried out using a coupled atmosphere-wave model where a sea spray microphysical model was incorporated within the coupled model. Furthermore, this study also explores how sea spray generation can be modelled using wave energy 5 dissipation due to whitecaps, where whitecaps are considered as the primary mode of spray droplets generation at hurricane intensity wind speeds. Three different numerical simulations including sea state dependent momentum flux, sea spray mediated heat flux and combination of former two processes with sea spray mediated momentum flux were conducted. The foregoing numerical simulations were evaluated against the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy and satellite altimeter measurements as well as a control simulation using an uncoupled atmosphere model. The results indicate that the model simulations 10 were able to capture the storm track and intensity, where the surface wave coupling results in a stronger TC. Moreover, it is also noted that when only spray mediated heat fluxes are applied in conjunction with sea state dependent momentum flux, they result in a slightly weaker TC, albeit stronger compared to the control simulation. However, when spray mediated momentum flux is applied together with spray heat fluxes, it results in a comparably stronger TC. The results presented here alludes to the role surface friction plays in intensification of a TC.

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The Effects of Sea Spray and Atmosphere–Wave Coupling on Air–Sea Exchange during Tropical Cyclone

Garg¹,

Ng²,

Srikanth³

2017

Preprint

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“…The initial analysis of these data found no signature due to sea spray, and concluded that the spray-mediated fluxes were either negligible under those conditions, or were masked by negative feedbacks. However, a recent reanalysis of this data, which claims to find a clear signature (Andreas and DeCosmo 1999), resulted in the second spray parameterization considered here. This parameterization, although based on similar physics and some of the same observations as those of FKH, differs markedly in that it produces very large perturbations to the total enthalpy flux.…”

Section: O N T H L Y W E a T H E R R E V I E Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, a high-resolution tropical cyclone model with explicit cloud microphysics developed by Wang (1999) is used to study how and to what degree the sea spray evaporation can affect both the boundary layer structure, and the intensity of a tropical cyclone by modifying the heat fluxes at the sea surface. The sea spray evaporation is incorporated into the model by either the bulk parameterization scheme derived by FKH, or by a streamlined version of the Andreas and DeCosmo (1999) scheme, which will be developed below. We will show that inclusion of the former parameterization generally has a moderate effect on intensity and boundary layer structure of a model tropical cyclone.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Speculation as to the possible role of sea spray in enhancing air-sea fluxes has a long history reaching back at least to Ling and Kao (1976), although there is still no unequivocal answer. Excellent recent reviews of sea spray physics may be found in Andreas et al (1995) and Mestayer et al (1996). Tropical cyclones are known to be fueled by the energy extracted from the ocean, and the maximum potential intensity (MPI) theories of Emanuel (1986Emanuel ( , 1991 and Holland (1997) have substantial predictive skill.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

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The Effect of Sea Spray Evaporation on Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer Structure and Intensity*

2001

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Strong winds in a tropical cyclone over the ocean can produce high seas with substantial amounts of spray in the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer. The effects that the evaporation of this sea spray may have on the transfer of energy between the ocean and the atmosphere, and consequent effects on the boundary layer structure, cumulus convection, and the evolution of the tropical cyclone, are largely unknown. In this study, a high-resolution tropical cyclone model with explicit cloud microphysics, developed by Y. Wang, has been used to study these potential effects. The sea spray evaporation is incorporated into the model by two bulk parameterization schemes with quite different properties.The numerical results show that inclusion of the Fairall et al. sea spray parameterization increases the direct sensible heat flux from the ocean by about 70%, but has little effect on the direct latent heat flux. Sea spray itself causes a sensible heat flux of only about 6% of the direct sensible heat flux, while it contributes a latent heat flux by evaporation of sea spray droplets by 60%-70% of the direct latent heat flux. As a result, the total enthalpy flux with sea spray evaporation increases by about 20%, while the net contribution by sea spray is only about 1.5% of the total enthalpy flux. Consistent with this, the intensity of the model tropical cyclone is moderately increased by 8% in the maximum wind speed by the introduction of sea spray. The lower atmosphere becomes cooler and moister due to the evaporation of sea spray, which is supported by the available observations. The cooling in the surface layer further modifies the boundary layer structure and the activity of convection, especially in the near-core region where the highest concentration of sea spray exists.On the other hand, with the Andreas and DeCosmo parameterization scheme, the intensity of the model tropical cyclone is increased by 25% in maximum wind speed. This dramatic increase in the model tropical cyclone intensity is due to both the large net sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux associated with the effect of sea spray by this parameterization scheme. The net upward sensible heat flux warms the air near the surface and results in a near-isothermal surface layer in the near-core environment under the tropical cyclone. Such a structure, however, is not supported by the available observations, which the authors argue is not physically realistic. The radically different results with this scheme are due to the unusual way that the feedbacks between direct and spray-mediated fluxes are handled within the parameterization.

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Impact of sea spray on the Yellow and East China Seas thermal structure during the passage of Typhoon Rammasun (2002)

Zhang

Chu

et al. 2017

JGR Oceans

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Strong winds lead to large amounts of sea spray in the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer. The spray droplets affect the air‐sea heat fluxes due to their evaporation and the momentum due to the change of sea surface, and in turn change the upper ocean thermal structure. In this study, impact of sea spray on upper ocean temperatures in the Yellow and East China Seas (YES) during typhoon Rammasun's passage is investigated using the POMgcs ocean model with a sea spray parameterization scheme, in which the sea spray‐induced heat fluxes are based on an improved Fairall's sea spray heat fluxes algorithm, and the sea spray‐induced momentum fluxes are derived from an improved COARE version 2.6 bulk model. The distribution of the sea spray mediated turbulent fluxes was primarily located at Rammasun eye‐wall region, in accord with the maximal wind speeds regions. When Rammasun enters the Yellow sea, the sea spray mediated latent (sensible) heat flux maximum is enhanced by 26% (13.5%) compared to that of the interfacial latent (sensible) heat flux. The maximum of the total air‐sea momentum fluxes is enhanced by 43% compared to the counterpart of the interfacial momentum flux. Furthermore, the sea spray plays a key role in enhancing the intensity of the typhoon‐induced “cold suction” and “heat pump” processes. When the effect of sea spray is considered, the maximum of the sea surface cooling in the right side of Rammasun's track is increased by 0.5°C, which is closer to the available satellite observations.

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Sea Spray Production and Influence on Air-sea Heat And Moisture Fluxes over the Open Ocean

Cited by 56 publications

References 81 publications

The Effects of Sea Spray and Atmosphere–Wave Coupling on Air–Sea Exchange during Tropical Cyclone

The Effects of Sea Spray and Atmosphere–Wave Coupling on Air–Sea Exchange during Tropical Cyclone

The Effect of Sea Spray Evaporation on Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer Structure and Intensity*

Impact of sea spray on the Yellow and East China Seas thermal structure during the passage of Typhoon Rammasun (2002)

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