Sea State, Tides

Abstract

This chapter contains sections titled: * Sea State * Tides * Acknowledgment * Reference

Multidecadal ensemble hindcast of wave fields in the Baltic Sea

“…The temporal changes and most of the internal variability have so far been largely neglected. Although the southern and eastern Baltic Sea hosts the severest wave climate in this water body [4], no long-term wave measurements are available in this area. The existing knowledge relies on visual observations from the coast [6] and a few numerical reconstructions [7][8][9] (that do not replicate observed changes in wave approach directions [10]) and is at times controversial [6].…”

“…The classical estimates of the Baltic Sea wave climate [4,5] provide valuable information about the long-term wave properties. The temporal changes and most of the internal variability have so far been largely neglected.…”

Recent Change—Sea Level and Wind Waves

“…The Baltic Sea wave climate is, on average, very mild. The typical longterm significant wave heights are about 1 m offshore in the Baltic Proper Broman et al 2006;Schmager et al 2008;Tuomi et al 2011), 0.6-0.8 m in the open parts of larger sub-basins such as the Gulf of Finland or Arkona Basin according to measurements and numerical simulations, and well below 0.5 m in semi-sheltered bays such as Tallinn Bay (Soomere 2005;Kelpšaitė et al 2009) according to simulations ( Fig. 9.16).…”

“…Several attempts to numerically reconstruct the wave climate in the Baltic Sea using a better resolution (down to about 3 nautical miles or about 5 km) have been undertaken for many areas and single locations (Table 9.2). Schmager et al (2008), Soomere (2008) reviewed the relevant literature until 2007 and described the basic features of the wave climate. Long-term reconstructions of the Baltic Sea wave fields are a complicated task and usually contain high uncertainties (Cieślikiewicz and Paplińska-Swerpel 2008;Kriezi and Broman 2008).…”

“…Numerical simulations indicate that H s may reach 9.5-10 m in the northeastern Baltic Proper at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland, to the north-west of the Latvian coast and in the south-eastern part of the Gulf of Gdansk Soomere et al 2008a;Tuomi et al 2011). The properties of waves in a particular region and storm event depend on the match of the geometry of the sea area and the wind pattern of the storm (Augustin 2005;Soomere et al 2008a;Schmager et al 2008).…”