Sea‐to‐air fluxes from measurements of the atmospheric gradient of dimethylsulfide and comparison with simultaneous relaxed eddy accumulation measurements

Hintsa, E. J.; Dacey, John W. H.; McGillis, Wade R.; Edson, James B.; Zappa, Christopher J.; Zemmelink, Hendrik J.

doi:10.1029/2002jc001617

Cited by 28 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Putaud and Nguyen (1996) reported GF estimates of DMS flux from a ship, but interpretation of the derived transfer velocities was hindered by considerable variability in the results. Zemmelink et al (2002) have studied the suitability of GF and REA for DMS flux measurements over the ocean in a nearshore environment and subsequently reported measurements obtained in the open sea during the FAIRS project on the spar platform R/P FLIP (Zemmelink et al, 2004b;Hintsa et al, 2004). While transfer velocity estimates from FAIRS were reasonable in comparison to commonly used gas transfer parameterizations, they report an unexplained bias between the two methods, with REA yielding fluxes up to 2 times higher than GF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Mass spectrometric measurement of DMS by atmospheric pressure ionization with an isotopically labeled standard (APIMS-ILS) is a sensitive method with sufficient bandpass for direct flux measurements by eddy correlation. Use of an isotopically labeled internal standard greatly reduces instrumental drift, improving accuracy and precision. APIMS-ILS has been used in several recent campaigns to study ocean-atmosphere gas transfer and the chemical budget of DMS in the marine boundary layer. This paper provides a comprehensive description of the method and errors associated with DMS flux measurement from ship platforms. The APIMS-ILS instrument used by most groups today has a sensitivity of 100-200 counts s −1 pptv −1 , which is shown to be more than sufficient for flux measurement by eddy covariance. Mass spectral backgrounds (blanks) are determined by stripping DMS from ambient air with gold. The instrument is found to exhibit some high frequency signal loss, with a half-power frequency of ≈1 Hz, but a correction based on an empirically determined instrument response function is presented. Standard micrometeorological assumptions of steady state and horizontal uniformity are found to be appropriate for DMS flux measurement, but rapid changes in mean DMS mixing ratio may serve as a warning that measured flux does not represent the true surface flux. In addition, bias in surface flux estimates arising from the flux divergence is not generally significant in the surface layer, but under conditions of lowered inversion and high flux may become so. The effects of error in motion corrections and of vertical motion within the surface layer concentration gradient are discussed and the estimated maximum error from these effects is ≤18%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

et al. 2010

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“…Consequently, DMS fluxes are well suited to measurement by micrometeorological techniques. Hintsa et al (2004) Zemmelink et al (2004) employed the gradient and relaxed eddy accumulation techniques to measure DMS fluxes in coastal waters. Eddy correlation measurements require the use of a fast response (∼1 s) chemical sensor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open ocean DMS air/sea fluxes over the eastern South Pacific Ocean

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Air/sea fluxes of dimethylsulfide (DMS) were measured by eddy correlation over the Eastern South Pacific Ocean during January 2006. The cruise track extended from Manzanillo, Mexico, along 110 • W, to Punta Arenas, Chile. Bulk air and surface ocean DMS levels were also measured and gas transfer coefficients (k DMS ) were computed. Air and seawater DMS measurements were made using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (API-CIMS) and a gas/liquid membrane equilibrator. Mean surface seawater DMS concentrations were 3.8±2.2 nM and atmospheric mixing ratios were 340±370 ppt. The air/sea flux of DMS was uniformly out of the ocean, with an average value of 12±15 µmol m −2 d −1 . Sea surface concentration and flux were highest around 15 • S, in a region influenced by shelf waters and lowest around 25 • S, in low chlorophyll gyre waters. The DMS gas transfer coefficient exhibited a linear wind speed-dependence over the wind speed range of 1 to 9 m s −1 . This relationship is compared with previously measured estimates of k from DMS, CO 2 , and dual tracer data from the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, and with the NOAA/COARE gas transfer model. The model generated slope of k vs. wind speed is at the low end of those observed in previous DMS field studies.

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“…Zemmelink et al (2002b) performed trials using GF in conjunction with the relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) technique from a dock with promising results, although without the complications of ship motion. Hintsa et al (2004) subsequently used the stable platform RP FLIP in the northeast Pacific to measure DMS fluxes using both GF and REA techniques. They found DMS gradient fluxes were half that of REA fluxes with the largest discrepancy during stable to neutral conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gradient flux measurements of sea–air DMS transfer during the Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) experiment

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Direct measurements of marine dimethylsulfide (DMS) fluxes are sparse, particularly in the Southern Ocean. The Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) voyage in February-March 2012 examined the distribution and flux of DMS in a biologically active frontal system in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Three distinct phytoplankton blooms were studied with oceanic DMS concentrations as high as 25 nmol L −1 . Measurements of DMS fluxes were made using two independent methods: the eddy covariance (EC) technique using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (API-CIMS) and the gradient flux (GF) technique from an autonomous catamaran platform. Catamaran flux measurements are relatively unaffected by airflow distortion and are made close to the water surface, where gas gradients are largest. Flux measurements were complemented by near-surface hydrographic measurements to elucidate physical factors influencing DMS emission. Individual DMS fluxes derived by EC showed significant scatter and, at times, consistent departures from the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment gas transfer algorithm (COAREG). A direct comparison between the two flux methods was carried out to separate instrumental effects from environmental effects and showed good agreement with a regression slope of 0.96 (r 2 = 0.89). A period of abnormal downward atmospheric heat flux enhanced near-surface ocean stratification and reduced turbulent exchange, during which GF and EC transfer velocities showed good agreement but modelled COAREG values were significantly higher. The transfer velocity derived from near-surface ocean turbulence measurements on a spar buoy compared well with the COAREG model in general but showed less variation. This first direct comparison between EC and GF fluxes of DMS provides confidence in compilation of flux estimates from both techniques, as well as in the stable periods when the observations are not well predicted by the COAREG model.

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Sea‐to‐air fluxes from measurements of the atmospheric gradient of dimethylsulfide and comparison with simultaneous relaxed eddy accumulation measurements

Cited by 28 publications

References 28 publications

Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

Open ocean DMS air/sea fluxes over the eastern South Pacific Ocean

Gradient flux measurements of sea–air DMS transfer during the Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) experiment

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