Sea Water Ageing of GFRP Composites and the Dissolved salts

Chakraverty, A.P.; Mohanty, U. K.; Mishra, Sabyasachi; Satapathy, Alok

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/75/1/012029

Cited by 53 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Also, on prolonged aging, 2160 h (90 days), seawater molecules were visible on the fiber surface as shown in Fig. 5a, which altered the mode of failure from a brittle matrix and ductile fiber to ductile matrix and brittle fiber [6]. Similarly, the ILSS properties for SW-conditioned samples continued to show an improvement with aging time, reaching a maximum (2.59 MPa) after mid-time and almost stabilized after that.…”

Section: Gfrp Compositesmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Further, the non-homogenous water absorption introduced localized defects, such as fiber pull-outs as shown in Fig. 3a, which acted as stress-concentration sites during flexural loading [6,40]. Interestingly, there was considerably more reduction for samples immersed in DW as compared to samples exposed to SW because of higher moisture content in fiber-matrix interface that degraded the interface, visualized as fiber pull-outs and cusp formation as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Mechanical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with respect to their durability and performance. Even today, this effort is an ongoing endeavor to develop or optimize composites for naval/oil-shore industry [6,8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. One of the important observations reported in those studies reveals that during the initial stages of absorption, the water uptake follows Fick's Law [19][20][21] but on prolonged aging it no longer follows Fickian behavior.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Carbon nanotube-reinforced glass fiber epoxy composite laminates exposed to hygrothermal conditioning

2016

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Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites (GFRP) were prepared and reinforced with two types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes, i.e., amino-functionalized (ACNT) and pristine nanotubes (PCNT). Incorporation of ACNT leads to a significant decrease in equilibrium water content and diffusion coefficient vis-à-vis GFRP composites when immersed in seawater (SW) and distilled water (DW). The experimental results illustrate that the material degradation of the composites is significantly more on immersion in SW as compared to DW. Interestingly, a decrease in mechanical properties was observed initially; however, at a later stage the trend reversed and a recovery in the mechanical properties was seen. This recovery in mechanical properties is ascribed to the possible secondary crosslinking network between excess sodium ions in seawater with the hydroxyl groups of cured epoxy and also to the unreacted silanols on the glass fiber surface. On the contrary, PCNT composites revealed a continuous decreasing trend in mechanical behavior versus aging duration. The present study suggests that it may be advantageous and safer to re-condition (for 15-20 days) FRP nanocomposite parts before being installed in naval vessels.

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Section: Gfrp Compositesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Mechanical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon nanotube-reinforced glass fiber epoxy composite laminates exposed to hygrothermal conditioning

2016

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“…A build-up of foreign matter on the surface of the specimens (fouling) can contribute to both the increased volume and weight measurements after final drying. A change in specimen colour, notably for the GFE and GFA materials after aging may be indicative that some form of fouling, or alternatively chemical change within the polymer phase [53,54], had occurred during the aging process. On the contrary, the GFA specimens exhibit noticeable weight loss after final drying, with specimens averaging 1% below the initial specimen weight despite maintaining an increased volume.…”

Section: Moisture Absorption and Specimen Volume Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of microstructural defects and hydrostatic pressure on water absorption in composite materials for tidal energy

Flanagan

Walls

Leen

et al. 2018

Journal of Composite Materials

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The lifespan and economic viability of tidal energy devices are constrained, in part, by the complex degradation of the tidal turbine blade materials due to prolonged immersion in a hostile sub-sea environment. Seawater penetration is a significant degradation mechanism in composite materials. This work aims to investigate the influence of microstructure and hydrostatic pressure on water absorption in four polymer composites which are candidate materials for use in tidal energy devices. These materials are: a Glass Fibre (GF) powder epoxy, a Carbon Fibre (CF) powder epoxy, GF Ampreg epoxy and a chopped fibre GF Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK). X-ray CT (computed tomography) is used to characterise the voids, resin-rich areas and other manufacturing defects present in each material. These defects are known to significantly alter the rate of moisture diffusion, as well as the total uptake of water at saturation. The samples are then exposed to accelerated water aging and hydrostatic pressurisation in order to simulate a range of expected sub-sea operating conditions. The 2 material micro-structure, the matrix material and pressurisation level are shown to strongly influence both the moisture absorption rate and total water uptake. Significant volumetric changes are also noted for all samples, both during and after aging. X-ray CT scans of specimens also provide a unique insight into the role of voids in storing water once a material has reached saturation.

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“…There might be a reduction in the free volume of the polymer due to CNF reinforcement when compared to the controlled GE composite, which helps reducing the water ingression . Due to such reasons, as time passes ingression of water is less in the case of seawater aging than acidic and alkaline solutions (discussed later) . After 150 days of exposure in seawater solution, the rate of weight uptake is not much significant, suggesting attainment of saturation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of acid, alkaline, and seawater aging on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of glass fiber/epoxy composites filled with carbon nanofibers

Kattaguri

Fulmali

Prusty

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Owing to the superior corrosion resistance, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are the prime choice of structural materials for various marine and chemical industries, where there is a long-term direct contact of the components takes place with corrosive fluids. In this present work, glass fiber/epoxy (GE) composites have been fabricated with and without carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and aging has been carried out in acidic (pH = 1), seawater (pH = 8.2), and alkaline (pH = 13) solutions for 150 days. The resistance of CNF-filled GE composites toward the corrosive fluids has been evaluated in terms of alteration in the mechanical (flexural), microstructural (fractography analysis by field emission scanning electron microscope), and thermomechanical (dynamic mechanical analysis) behavior of the materials. It is revealed that as the immersion time increases, there is a continuous decrement in flexural strength and modulus, and glass-transition temperature (T g ) of all the materials in all these solutions. Compared to the 1% CNF-filled GE composite, control GE composite showed more degradation in the case of alkaline aging and seawater aging. Maximum reduction (56%) in the strength of GE composite was observed due to 150 days of alkaline aging. However, the control GE composite showed better resistance to the acidic solution than that of CNF-filled GE composite. Possible failure modes, changes in the chemistry of the material due to aging have been studied by fractography analysis.

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Sea Water Ageing of GFRP Composites and the Dissolved salts

Cited by 53 publications

References 14 publications

Carbon nanotube-reinforced glass fiber epoxy composite laminates exposed to hygrothermal conditioning

Carbon nanotube-reinforced glass fiber epoxy composite laminates exposed to hygrothermal conditioning

Influence of microstructural defects and hydrostatic pressure on water absorption in composite materials for tidal energy

Effects of acid, alkaline, and seawater aging on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of glass fiber/epoxy composites filled with carbon nanofibers

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