Sealed inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy II: determination of phosphorus

Determination of phosphorus, sulfur and the halogens using high-temperature molecular absorption spectrometry in flames and furnaces—A review

“…The sensitivity of the determination by ICP-MS, similar to phosphorus, is affected by the high ionization potential of 10.36 eV, and polyatomic interferences due to 16 [43], the use of reaction/collision cells [46] or ETV [47] can solve these problems at the expense of increased cost and complexity. ICP OES may be used as well for the determination of sulfur, but the most sensitive emission lines are all in the vacuum-UV, requiring special equipment.…”

“…Phosphorus is determined by a wide variety of techniques, including gravimetric and volumetric methods, ion chromatography (IC) [11], and various spectrometric techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) [12][13][14], atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) [15], inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) [16][17][18] and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [19][20][21][22]. The most widely applied technique is UV-vis spectrometry, where phosphorus is converted to orthophosphate ions, which react with molybdenum to a yellow heteropoly acid [23]; this is then reduced to molybdenum blue, which shows strong absorption in the visible range.…”

Determination of phosphorus by molecular absorption of phosphorus monoxide using a high-resolution continuum source absorption spectrometer and an air–acetylene flame

“…Analytical techniques range from the classic gravimetric, 2 volumetric, 3 and spectrophotometric approaches [4][5][6] to modern instrumental methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 7 mass spectrometry (MS), [8][9][10][11] neutron activation analysis (NAA), 12,13 polarography, 14 amperometry, 15 ion chromatography, 16 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, [17][18][19] atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), 20 atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and optical emission spectrometry (OES). [29][30][31][32] Phosphorus is one of the few elements still determined extensively by spectrophotometric methods, which are usually based on the formation of yellow phosphomolybdic 5 and vanadophosphomolybdic acids 4 or on their reduction products called ''molybdenum blue''. These methods do not require costly instrumentation and are applicable under various circumstances.…”

“…[8][9][10][11] The essential problem in the determination of phosphorus by atomic absorption, emission, and fluorescence spectrometry is the fact that the resonance lines of phosphorus lie in the vacuum ultraviolet region between 167.167 nm and 178.765 nm, where strong absorptions by ubiquitous oxygen and water vapour occur. Direct determination of phosphorus at these lines has been achieved 21,23,28,29 but requires fairly complex equipment.…”