Search for an optimized cyclic charging algorithm for valve-regulated lead–acid batteries

Studies of the pulse charge of lead-acid batteries for PV applications

“…Considering the gel-crystal model of the lead dioxide from the positive active material, the mechanism of the PbSO 4 oxidation can be represented by the following reactions [26][27][28][29] The Pb 2+ ions, dissolved form the PbSO 4 crystals, are oxidized on the surface or in the volume of the gel part of the PbO 2 . The latter consists of hydrated polymer chains of lead dioxide, denoted as PbO(OH) 2 (gel PbO 2 ) . The electrochemical reaction (4b) proceeds on determined active centers-these are the places in the hydrated lead dioxide where both electronic and ionic conductivities are maximal.…”

“…This process proceeds on the same active centers located in the gel part of the lead dioxide as Reaction (4c), according to the following mechanism [25] Pb * O(OH) 2 …”

“…The insufficient charge results often in hard sulphation of the positive plate [1], when the cells are flooded, and sulphation of both plates, when the cells are valve-regulated [2]. Recently a new charge strategy was proposed to overcome the insufficient charge of the lead-acid batteries for PV-storage [3].…”

“…The results show that the rate of the charge can be accelerated substantially down to 30-60 min for the full charge of an empty battery without substantial loss of energy. More recent studies show other advantages of the rapid pulse charge: it can be used to overcome negative phenomena limiting the exploitation period of the battery such as premature capacity loss (PCL) effect [7], to increase the cycle life of the battery [8], to suppress the sulphation of the negative plates in VRLA cells and to avoid the thermal runaway phenomenon [2,9,10], and to restore the capacity of batteries after sulphation [11]. Using pulse charge, a decrease and time delay of the oxygen evolution during the charge of VRLA cells have been reported [12].…”

The Optimization of Gel Electrolytes on Performance of Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries

“…6 One is AGM technology, where the liquid electrolyte is adsorbed in an absorptive glass mat (AGM) separators. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The other is gel technology, where the electrolyte is gelled by organic or inorganic thixotropic agents, such as polyacrylamide polymer, sodium silica, colloidal silica, granular silica, and fumed silica. [16][17][18][19] The gel VRLA batteries have many advantages, such as long service life and high reliability under deep discharge cycles, no acid stratification and installation any position, no leakage of acid mist, and good charge stability, compared with conventional flooded or AGM batteries.…”