Search for new isotopes of element 112 by irradiation of 238U with 48Ca

Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Yeremin, A. V.; Gulbekian, G. G.; Bogomolov, S. L.; Chepigin, V. I.; Gikal, B. N.; Gorshkov, V. A.; Иткис, М. Г.; Kabachenko, A.P.; Kutner, V. B.; Lavrentev, A. Yu.; Malyshev, O. N.; Popeko, A. G.; Roháč, J.; Sagaidak, R. N.; Hofmann, S.; Münzenberg, G.; Veselský, M.; Šáró, Š.; Iwasa, N.; Morita, Kosuke

doi:10.1007/s100500050257

Cited by 143 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…All six publications, three from physics experiments [20,21,23] and three from chemistry experiments [25,26,28] yielded a consistent picture, namely that Cn has a very long-lived isotope, 283 Cn with a half-live of several minutes and that Cn behaves very similar to a noble gas like Rn, hence significantly different to its nearest-by neighbor in the periodic table, Hg.…”

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 86%

“…It is, however, worth mentioning that the life times of the SF decay's observed in the physics experiments increased from experiment to experiment. In [20] the two observed SF events had an average life time of 2.0 min, in [23] 6.6 min, and, finally, in [21] 13.7 min. This mere fact indicates the events being of random origin, with an "effective" increase in life time being caused by increasingly improved separation properties of the VASSILISSA separator from experiment to experiment.…”

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 92%

“…It was argued that the fissioning nuclides were deposited on surfaces inside the ionization chamber causing a situation where only detection of single fission fragment energies was possible. Therefore, the authors state that "the spontaneous fissions of the volatile activity can be conclusively attributed to the decay of element 112 (now Cn) produced in the reaction 48 Ca + 238 U, and formerly observed in Dubna physics experiments" [20,21].…”

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 97%

“…During the bombardment a total beam dose of 6.85 × 10 17 48 Ca ions was accumulated [25]. The chemical yield for the simultaneously produced 185 Hg (T 1/2 = 49 s) was 80% and the average trans- port time between collection chamber and detector array 25 s. If Cn behaves chemically like Hg and all efficiencies measured for Hg were also valid for Cn, detection of SF events could be expected assuming the cross section value for the production of 283 Cn measured in [20,21]. However, no SF events were observed.…”

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To the very big surprise, in 1999 a collaboration of scientists from Russia, Germany, Slovakia and Japan announced the observation of two spontaneous fission (SF) events in the detector array mounted in the focal plane during a bombardment of 238 U with 48 Ca [20]. These two SF events were tentatively assigned to 283 Cn formed in a complete fusion reaction followed by emission of three neutrons.…”

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas chemical properties of heaviest elements

Gäggeler¹

2011

Radiochimica Acta

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Summary. Chemical studies at the upper end of the periodic table have reached atomic number 114. Recent experiments aiming at investigating chemical properties of elements Cn, 113, and 114 are summarized. Though partly preliminary, all these elements behave as expected: due to the filled 6d 10 shell, they do not behave like transition metals anymore, as observed for the lighter transactinides. They exhibit a volatile behavior as expected for 7s and 7 p elements. On the other hand, due to the extremely low signal to noise ratio in detectors used to identify separated products highest precaution on identifying single atoms is mandatory. As an example, published early attempts to synthesize Cn and to perform chemical studies with this element that could not be confirmed in later studies are summarized.

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Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas chemical properties of heaviest elements

Gäggeler¹

2011

Radiochimica Acta

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Superheavy Elements – Chemistry and Spectroscopy

Kaldor

1998

Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry

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Superheavy elements, a somewhat loose term usually applied to elements with atomic number above 100, exhibit chemical and spectroscopic properties that are not necessarily extrapolations of lighter elements in the same group of the periodic table. This behavior is caused by relativity, which already affects heavy elements (e.g., changing transition energies in gold by as much as 4 eV), and is more important for the superheavy atoms. These elements are produced in accelerators in minute quantities and have short lifetimes, making experimental studies very difficult and costly. Chemical experiments involving the heavier elements are of the ‘one‐atom‐at‐a‐time’ type. Input from theory is crucial in guiding the experimentalist in the search for data. The various theoretical and computational methods used to study these elements are described, and representative results given. For atoms, one can use highly accurate methods: starting from the four‐component Dirac–Coulomb–Breit Hamiltonian, correlation may be included by the most powerful tools of quantum chemistry. In particular, the relativistic Fock‐space coupled cluster (CC) approach reproduced numerous energy levels of heavy elements with an accuracy of a few hundredths of an eV, and provides therefore a reliable tool for predicting yet unknown levels of superheavy elements, as well as their ground state electron configurations. Molecules present a more difficult computational challenge, and more approximate methods, relying on effective core potentials or density functionals, are often used. Molecular properties such as volatility or adsorption energies, which are needed to guide experimentalists in tracing the compounds produced when atoms synthesized in the accelerator are reacted with various chemicals, are calculated, providing invaluable help in determining the existence and properties of the superheavy elements.

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Chemie superschwerer Elemente

Schädel

2006

Angewandte Chemie

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In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind immer mehr neue chemische Elemente entdeckt worden. Dass die schwersten, künstlich erzeugten Elemente am Ende des Periodensystems im Gebiet der lang erwarteten superschweren Elemente liegen, macht dies besonders spannend. Derzeit kommen bei diesen Entdeckungen noch hauptsächlich rein physikalische Techniken zum Einsatz, chemische Methoden haben allerdings stark aufgeholt. Fortgeschrittene, hochempfindliche Techniken ermöglichen es, die chemischen Eigenschaften dieser schwer fassbaren Elemente zu untersuchen. Oft sind es insgesamt weniger als zehn kurzlebige Atome – jedes einzelne individuell chemisch abgetrennt (“one atom at a time”) –, die entscheidende Informationen über grundlegende chemische Eigenschaften liefern. Diese Ergebnisse ermöglichen es, den Aufbau des Periodensystems der Elemente an seinem Ende zu bestimmen und den Einfluss der zunehmend starken relativistischen Effekte auf die chemischen Eigenschaften zu untersuchen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt schwerpunktmäßig die experimentellen Arbeiten zur Chemie superschwerer Elemente. Er enthält einen kurzen Abriss der relativistischen Theorie und behandelt einige wichtige historische und nukleare Aspekte.

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Search for new isotopes of element 112 by irradiation of 238U with 48Ca

Cited by 143 publications

References 1 publication

Gas chemical properties of heaviest elements

Gas chemical properties of heaviest elements

Superheavy Elements – Chemistry and Spectroscopy

Chemie superschwerer Elemente

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