Searches for Magnetic Monopoles: A Review

Mitsou, V. A.

doi:10.3390/proceedings2019013010

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 93 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…To summarize, while the theory presented here postulates that the fields E and B extend into imaginary valued t-space, this hypothesized extension does not include material charge/current. 2 Accordingly, in the following we will continue to use the symbol r to represent real-valued charge density, and to use J for current density, where J can be thought of as representing either J x + i 0 in C 3 (as in equations (2.2)) or just J x in R 3 unambiguously as determined by context.…”

Section: Basic Properties Of the Generalized Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where E (B) is the 3-component electric (magnetic) field, ρ is the electric charge density, J is the volume electric current density,  0 ( 0 m ) is the permittivity (permeability) of free space, and c is the speed of light. 1 There is a striking and widely recognized asymmetry in these equations: while there are electric charge and current densities ρ and J, there are no corresponding magnetic charge and current densities ρ m and J m , reflecting the fact that extensive experimental investigations over the years have consistently failed to detect the existence of magnetic monopoles (reviews in [1][2][3][4]). In this context, some theoreticians have argued that magnetic monopoles cannot exist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, some theoreticians have argued that magnetic monopoles cannot exist. However, based on symmetry considerations, arguments such as Dirac's quantization condition [5], theoretical analysis in grand unified theories [6], and for other reasons [3,7], many physicists today continue to believe that magnetic monopoles probably exist, and a rich variety of potential types of magnetic monopoles have been proposed (Dirac monopoles [5], ′t Hooft-Polyakov monopoles [8,9], etc; reviewed in [2,10]. The active interest in this topic has, if anything, been increasing, with a continuing stream of very creative experimental searches and theoretical ideas appearing in the recent literature [6,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Generalizing Maxwell’s equations to complex-valued electromagnetic fields

Reggia

2023

Phys. Scr.

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There is a well-known asymmetry in classical electromagnetism, apparent in Maxwell’s equations, that arises from the existence of electric but not magnetic charge. This has motivated numerous experimental searches for magnetic monopoles which have, to date, not been found. To address this asymmetry, the research reported here generalizes these equations to accommodate complex-valued electromagnetic fields, thereby making Maxwell’s equations more symmetric. The resulting generalized equations remain consistent with the experimental predictions of the original Maxwell equations, and they are shown to continue to exhibit conservation of charge. The increased symmetry of the complex-valued equations is demonstrated via a duality transformation that is derived and verified here. Importantly, the generalized theory implies that a novel type of magnetic monopoles exists while simultaneously explaining why their detection has eluded previous experimental searches. Further study of the possibility that electromagnetic fields include imaginary-valued components is clearly merited because of the implications it could have for the foundations of classical electrodynamics.

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Section: Basic Properties Of the Generalized Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Generalizing Maxwell’s equations to complex-valued electromagnetic fields

Reggia

2023

Phys. Scr.

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“…The discovery of t'Hooft and Polyakov triggered a large number of theoretical studies and nowadays monopoles find applications in various branches of theoretical physics (see [6][7][8][9][10] for reviews and, e.g., [11,12] for particular aspects of monopoles). However, the experimental search for magnetic monopoles has always been giving negative results (see [13,14] for recent reviews). A possible explanation for this is that the t'Hooft-Polyakov monopole is not described by the Standard Model, because the latter contains in the electroweak sector the Higgs field in the fundamental and not adjoint representation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroweak monopoles and their stability

Gervalle,

Volkov

2022

Preprint

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We apply a generalized field ansatz to describe the spherically symmetric sector of classical solutions of the electroweak theory. This sector contains Abelian magnetic monopoles labeled by their magnetic charge n = ±1, ±2, . . ., the non-Abelian monopole for n = ±2 found previously by Cho and Maison (CM), and also the electric oscillating solutions. All magnetic monopoles have infinite energy. We analyze their perturbative stability and use the method of complex spacetime tetrad to separate variables and reduce the perturbation equations to multi-channel Schroedinger-type eigenvalue problems. The spectra of perturbations around the CM monopole do not contain negative modes hence this solution is stable. The n = ±1 Abelian monopole is also stable, but all monopoles with |n| ≥ 2 are unstable with respect to perturbations with angular momentum j = |n|/2 − 1. The Abelian |n| = 2 monopole is unstable only within the j = 0 sector whereas the CM monopole also has |n| = 2 and belongs to the same sector, hence it may be viewed as a stable remnant of the decay of the Abelian monopole. One may similarly conjecture that stable remnants exist also for monopoles with |n| > 2, hence the CM monopole may be just the first member of a sequence of non-Abelian monopoles with higher magnetic charges.Only the CM monopole is spherically symmetric while all non-Abelian monopoles with |n| > 2 are not rotationally invariant.

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“…These monopoles have a finite energy and contain massive fields in the central region, while at large distances only the massless U(1) gauge field survives and approaches that of the Dirac monopole. This discovery triggered a large number of theoretical studies (see [5][6][7][8][9] for reviews and, e.g., [10,11] for particular aspects of monopoles), but the experimental search for magnetic monopoles has always been giving negative results (see [12][13][14] for recent reviews). One of the explanation for this is the fact that the t'Hooft-Polyakov monopoles are not described by the Standard Model, because the latter contains in the electroweak sector the Higgs field in the fundamental and not adjoint representation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%