SearchGazer

Papoutsaki, Alexandra; Laskey, James; Huang, Jeff

doi:10.1145/3020165.3020170

Cited by 93 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…More generally, it is worth noting that the present findings may also be applicable to a number of real-life scenarios or professions that are conceptually similar to the visual search task used in the present study. For instance, one scenario could involve people jointly searching web content while the eye movements of co-actors (tracked via webcams (Papoutsaki et al, 2016)) are displayed on the computer screen. More generally, people frequently perform tasks collaboratively online in remote locations that involve information about a co-actors' actions (e.g., working collaboratively on a manuscript in real-time involves seeing another person's additions and deletions of text).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dyadic and triadic search: Benefits, costs, and predictors of group performance

Wahn

Czeszumski

Labusch

et al. 2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

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In daily life, humans often perform visual tasks, such as solving puzzles or searching for a friend in a crowd. Performing these visual searches jointly with a partner can be beneficial: The two task partners can devise effective division of labour strategies and thereby outperform individuals who search alone. To date, it is unknown whether these group benefits scale up to triads or whether the cost of coordinating with others offsets any potential benefit for group sizes above two. To address this question, we compare participants' performance in a visual search task that they perform either alone, in dyads, or in triads. When the search task is performed jointly, co-actors receive information about each other's gaze location. After controlling for speed-accuracy trade-offs, we found that triads searched faster than dyads, suggesting that group benefits do scale up to triads. Moreover, we found that the triads' divided the search space in accordance with the co-actors' individual search performances but searched less efficiently than dyads. We also present a linear model to predict group benefits, which accounts for 70% of the variance. The model includes our experimental factors and a set of non-redundant predictors, quantifying the similarities in the individual performances, the collaboration between co-actors, and the estimated benefits that co-actors would attain without collaborating. Overall, the present study demonstrates that group benefits scale up to larger group sizes, but the additional gains are attenuated by the increased costs associated with devising effective division of labour strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dyadic and triadic search: Benefits, costs, and predictors of group performance

Wahn

Czeszumski

Labusch

et al. 2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…One advantage of iCatcher is that it does not require any calibration of participant eye gaze, which is important for its utility in developmental science given that infants sometimes lose interest during the calibration or -even worse -partway through an experiment. Moreover, in several other available automated methods, participants must click on the location of a screen where they are looking, as in Papoutsaki et al (2016); infants and young children are physically unable to perform this task. We also take advantage of real behavioral constraints.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of eye tracking, this would be a distribution of relevant images of participant faces, preferably in annotated format. Many other appearance-based methods also exist, most of which rely on a calibration step by the user to maintain good accuracy and to compensate for not being data-driven (Papoutsaki et al, 2016;Zieliński, n.d.) making them much less useful for developmental or clinical populations. Moreover, these options fall short in terms of robustness relative to the dominant deep-learning-based options.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

iCatcher: A Neural Network Approach for Automated Coding of Young Children’s Eye Movements

Erel¹,

Potter

Jaffe-Dax³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Infants’ looking behaviors are often used for measuring attention, real-time processing, and learning – often using low-resolution videos. Despite the ubiquity of gaze-related methods in developmental science, current techniques usually involve laborious post hoc coding, imprecise real-time coding, or expensive eye trackers that may increase data loss and require a calibration phase. As a solution, we used computer-vision methods to perform automatic gaze estimation from low-resolution videos. At the core of this approach is an artificial neural network that classifies gaze directions in real time. We tested our method, called iCatcher, on data collected using the looking-while-listening procedure, where infants look at one of two locations on a screen. Using a large dataset of manually-annotated videos from prior research, we demonstrate that the accuracy of iCatcher approximates that of human annotators and replicates the results. Our method is publicly available as an open-source repository at https://github.com/yoterel/iCatcher.

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“…In order to combine both measures, more sophisticated correction of the pupil foreshortening error may be required (Hayes & Petrov, 2016). On the other hand, scanpath length could be conceived as an alternative to pupillary responses in situations of low-quality eye tracking, because recording gaze coordinates likely requires lower camera resolution than pupillary responses and has been reported using consumer-grade cameras (Papoutsaki, Laskey, & Huang, 2017;Papoutsaki et al, 2016). With the resolution of such cameras, typical threat-conditioned PSR are on the order of one pixel and thus possibly not detectable at all.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccadic Scanpath Length: An Index for Human Threat Conditioning

Xia,

Melinscak,

Bach

2020

Preprint

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Threat-conditioned cues are thought to capture overt attention in a bottom-up process. Quantification of this phenomenon typically relies on cue competition paradigms. Here, we sought to exploit gaze patterns during exclusive presentation of a visual conditioned stimulus, in order to quantify human threat conditioning. To this end, we capitalised on a summary statistic of visual search during CS presentation, scanpath length. During a simple delayed threat conditioning paradigm with full-screen monochrome conditioned stimuli (CS), we observed shorter scanpath length during CS+ compared to CS- presentation. Retrodictive validity, i.e. effect size to distinguish CS+ and CS-, was maximised by considering a 2-s time window before US onset. Taking into account the shape of the scan speed response resulted in similar retrodictive validity. The mechanism underlying shorter scanpath length appeared to be longer fixation duration and more fixation on the screen center during CS+ relative to CS- presentation. These findings were replicated in a second experiment with similar setup, and further confirmed in a third experiment using full-screen patterns as CS. This experiment included an extinction session during which scanpath differences appeared to extinguish. In a fourth experiment with auditory CS and instruction to fixate screen centre, no scanpath length differences were observed. In conclusion, our study suggests scanpath length as a visual search summary statistic, which may be used as complementary measure to quantify threat conditioning with retrodictive validity similar to that of skin conductance responses.

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SearchGazer

Cited by 93 publications

References 30 publications

Dyadic and triadic search: Benefits, costs, and predictors of group performance

Dyadic and triadic search: Benefits, costs, and predictors of group performance

iCatcher: A Neural Network Approach for Automated Coding of Young Children’s Eye Movements

Saccadic Scanpath Length: An Index for Human Threat Conditioning

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