Searching for an Earthquake Precursor—A Case Study of Precursory Swarm as a Real Seismic Pattern Before Major Shocks

Abstract

A long-range correlation between earthquakes is indicated by some phenomena precursory to strong earthquakes. Most of the major earthquakes show prior seismic activity that in hindsight seems anomalous. The features include changes in regional activity rate and changes in the pattern of small earthquakes, including alignments on unmapped linear features near the (future) main shock. It has long been suggested that large earthquakes are preceded by observable variations in regional seismicity. Studies on seismic precursors preceding large to great earthquakes with M C 7.5 were carried out in the northeast India region bounded by the area 20°-32°N and 88°-100°E using the earthquake database from 1853 to 1988. It is observed that all earthquakes of M C 7.5, including the two great earthquakes of 1897 and 1950, were preceded by abnormally low anomalous seismicity phases some 11-27 years prior to their occurrence. On the other hand, precursory time periods ranged from 440 to 1,768 days for main shocks with M 5.6-6.5 for the period from 1963 to 1988. Furthermore, the 6 August, 1988 main shock of M 7.5 in the Arakan Yoma fold belt was preceded by well-defined patterns of anomalous seismicity that occurred during 1963-1964, about 25.2 years prior to its occurrence. The pattern of anomalous seismicity in the form of earthquake swarms preceding major earthquakes in the northeast India region can be regarded as one of the potential seismic precursors. Database constraints have been the main barrier to searching for this precursor preceding smaller earthquakes, which otherwise might have provided additional information on its existence. The entire exercise indicates that anomalous seismicity preceding major shocks is a common seismic pattern for the northeast India region, and can be employed for long-range earthquake prediction when better quality seismological data sets covering a wide range of magnitudes are available. Anomalous seismic activity is distinguished by a much higher annual frequency of earthquake occurrence than in the preceding normal and the following gap episodes.

Anomalous Seismicity Patterns Study of Three Mainshocks Occurred in Arakan-yoma Region

“…The simplest way to understand such indication is the seismicity patterns and it is possible to establish relation with forthcoming earthquake by using such observations. Medium to large earthquakes are known to precede epochs of abnormal seismicity patterns as background/normal seismicity, swarm/ anomalous seismicity, quiescence and foreshocks [5,7,8,11,12].…”

Characteristics of earthquake sequence in northern Himalayan region of South Central Tibet – Precursor search and location of potential area of future earthquake

“…Several authors (Evison, 1977;Mogi, 1977;Kanamori, 1981;Singh and Singh, 1984;Ohtake et al, 1977;Gupta and Singh, 1989;Shanker et al, 1995Shanker et al, , 2010Singh et al, 2005;Paudyal et al, 2009) have have suggested that seismicity preceding major earthquakes could be defined by the following episodes: (1) background/normal seismicity, (2) precursory swarm, (3) quiescence, (4) foreshocks and (5) mainshock. In most of the anomalous sequences, the magnitude of mainshocks observed to be 1-2 units higher than the magnitude of the largest swarm event (Evison, 1977;Singh et al, 1982Singh et al, , 2005Shanker et al, 1995).…”

“…This is an indication that a possibly wider area will be placed at risk and revised estimates for magnitude and time of occurrence of the mainshock may be necessary. Several authors (Bufe et al, 1974;Sekiya, 1976;Gupta and Singh, 1989;Zheng et al, 1995;Shanker et al, 2010;Singh et al, 2010) have reported changes in seismicity patterns before the occurrence of medium to large earthquakes. Gupta and Singh (1986) observed that it is important to recognise swarm and quiescence before the occurrence of the mainshock and made successful prediction of 06 August, 1988 Indo-Burma border earthquake.…”

Recent felt earthquakes (Mw 5.0–5.9) in Mizoram of north‐east India region: Seismotectonics and precursor appraisal

“…They reported a quiescent period of some 3 years before the 1988 large earthquake. Subsequently, Shanker et al (2010) reported that the earthquakes of M ≥ 7.5, including the two great earthquakes of 1897 and 1950 in the NER were preceded by anomalous low seismicity, some 11 to 27 years before their occurrences. Such precursor anomaly, before 11-27 years, lead us nowhere to predict an earthquake for the benefit of society.…”