Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) I: Survey Motivation

Kanodia, Shubham; Cañas, Caleb I.; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Ford, Eric B.; Helled, Ravit; Anderson, Dana E.; Boss, Alan; Cochran, William D.; Delamer, Megan; Han, Te; Libby-Roberts, Jessica E.; Lin, Andrea S. J.; Müller, Simon; Robertson, Paul; Stefánsson, Gumundur; Teske, Johanna

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad27cb

2024

DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ad27cb

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Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) I: Survey Motivation

Shubham Kanodia,

Caleb I. Cañas,

Suvrath Mahadevan

et al.

Abstract: Recent discoveries of transiting giant exoplanets around M-dwarf stars (GEMS), aided by the all-sky coverage of TESS, are starting to stretch theories of planet formation through the core-accretion scenario. Recent upper limits on their occurrence suggest that they decrease with lower stellar masses, with fewer GEMS around lower-mass stars compared to solar-type. In this paper, we discuss existing GEMS both through confirmed planets, as well as protoplanetary disk observations, and a combination of tests to re… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications

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The bulk metallicity of giant planets around M stars

Müller,

Helled

2024

A&A

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Determination of the bulk metallicity of giant exoplanets is essential in order to constrain their formation and evolution pathways and to compare them to the Solar System. Previous studies inferred an inverse relation between the mass and bulk metallicity. However, these studies used data mostly for planets orbiting FGK stars. The recent discoveries of giant exoplanets around M-dwarf stars present an opportunity to probe whether they follow a mass--metallicity trend that is different from that of their FGK counterparts. Using evolution models, we characterised the interiors of giant exoplanets with reliable mass--radius measurements that orbit FGK and M-dwarf stars. We then inferred the mass--metallicity trends for both populations. We find that the bulk metallicity of giant planets around M stars is overall lower than that of planets around FGK stars. This yields mass--metallicity relations for the two populations with similar slopes but significantly different offsets. The lack of metal-rich giant planets around M dwarfs could explain the difference in the inferred offset and could be a result of different formation conditions. However, there are only 20 successful bulk-metallicity retrievals for the giant planets around M dwarfs, which results in rather large uncertainties. Therefore, it is of great importance to continue detecting these planets with both transit and radial velocities. Additionally, the characterisation of the atmospheres of giant planets around M-stars would further help to constrain their interiors and facilitate investigations of the atmosphere--interior connection. Such investigations will significantly contribute to our understanding of the possible formation pathways of giant planets.

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The bulk metallicity of giant planets around M stars

Müller,

Helled

2024

A&A

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Searching for GEMS: Characterizing Six Giant Planets Around Cool Dwarfs

Kanodia,

Gupta,

Cañas

et al. 2024

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Transiting giant exoplanets around M-dwarf stars (GEMS) are rare, owing to the low-mass host stars. However, the all-sky coverage of TESS has enabled the detection of an increasingly large number of them to enable statistical surveys like the Searching for GEMS survey. As part of this endeavor, we describe the observations of six transiting giant planets, which include precise mass measurements for two GEMS (K2-419Ab, TOI-6034b) and statistical validation for four systems, which includes validation and mass upper limits for three of them (TOI-5218b, TOI-5616b, TOI-5634Ab), while the fourth one—TOI-5414b is classified as a “likely planet.” Our observations include radial velocities from the Habitable-zone Planet Finder on the Hobby–Eberly Telescope, and MAROON-X on Gemini-North, along with photometry and high-contrast imaging from multiple ground-based facilities. In addition to TESS photometry, K2-419Ab was also observed and statistically validated as part of the K2 mission in Campaigns 5 and 18, which provide precise orbital and planetary constraints despite the faint host star and long orbital period of ∼20.4 days. With an equilibrium temperature of only 380 K, K2-419Ab is one of the coolest known well-characterized transiting planets. TOI-6034 has a late F-type companion about 40″ away, making it the first GEMS host star to have an earlier main-sequence binary companion. These confirmations add to the existing small sample of confirmed transiting GEMS.

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Searching for GEMS: TOI-6383Ab, a Giant Planet Transiting an M3-dwarf Star in a Binary System*

Bernabò,

Kanodia,

Cañas

et al. 2024

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We report on the discovery of a transiting giant planet around the 3500 K M3-dwarf star TOI-6383A located 172 pc from Earth. It was detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and confirmed by a combination of ground-based follow-up photometry and precise radial velocity measurements. This planet has an orbital period of ∼1.791 days, a mass of 1.040 ± 0.094 M J , and a radius of 1.008 − 0.033 + 0.036 R J , resulting in a mean bulk density of 1.26 − 0.17 + 0.18 g cm−3. TOI-6383A has an M dwarf companion star, TOI-6383B, which has a stellar effective temperature of T eff ∼ 3100 K and a projected orbital separation of 3126 au. TOI-6383A is a low-mass dwarf star hosting a giant planet and is an intriguing object for planetary evolution studies due to its high planet-to-star mass ratio. This discovery is part of the Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) Survey, intending to provide robust and accurate estimates of the occurrence of GEMS and the statistics on their physical and orbital parameters. This paper presents an interesting addition to the small number of confirmed GEMS, particularly notable since its formation necessitates massive, dust-rich protoplanetary discs and high accretion efficiency (>10%).

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Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) I: Survey Motivation

Cited by 6 publications

References 224 publications

The bulk metallicity of giant planets around M stars

The bulk metallicity of giant planets around M stars

Searching for GEMS: Characterizing Six Giant Planets Around Cool Dwarfs

Searching for GEMS: TOI-6383Ab, a Giant Planet Transiting an M3-dwarf Star in a Binary System*

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