Searching for molecular gas inflows and outflows in the nuclear regions of five Seyfert galaxies

Domínguez-Fernández, A. J.; Alonso‐Herrero, A.; García‐Burillo, S.; Davies, R. I.; Usero, A.; Labiano, Á.; Levenson, N. A.; Pereira-Santaella, M.; Imanishi, Masatoshi; Almeida, C. Ramos; Rigopoulou, D.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936961

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…This is the first time the frequency of central molecular outflows in high resolution and high sensitivity data has been robustly estimated as frequency determination in molecular gas are rare, and sample sizes are often small. For example, Domínguez-Fernández et al (2020) analyzed the CO (2-1) emission in five nearby Seyfert galaxies and find two of their targets being likely to host an outflow. Wylezalek et al (2020) used the MaNGA sample of galaxies at mean redshift of z ∼ 0.03 to determine the outflow frequency in galaxies.…”

Section: Literature Outflow Frequenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and nature of central molecular outflows in nearby star-forming disk galaxies

Stuber

Saito

Schinnerer

et al. 2021

A&A

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Central molecular outflows in spiral galaxies are assumed to modulate their host galaxy’s star formation rate (SFR) by removing gas from the inner region of the galaxy. Outflows consisting of different gas phases appear to be a common feature in local galaxies, yet, little is known about the frequency of molecular outflows in main sequence galaxies in the nearby universe. We develop a rigorous set of selection criteria, which allow the reliable identification of outflows in large samples of galaxies. Our criteria make use of central spectra, position-velocity diagrams and velocity-integrated intensity maps (line-wing maps). We use this method on high-angular resolution CO (2–1) observations from the PHANGS-ALMA survey, which provides observations of the molecular gas for a homogeneous sample of 90 nearby main sequence galaxies at a resolution of ∼100 pc. We find correlations between the assigned outflow confidence and stellar mass or global SFR. We determine the frequency of central molecular outflows to be 25 ± 2% considering all outflow candidates, or 20 ± 2% for secure outflows only. Our resulting outflow candidate sample of 16−20 galaxies shows an overall enhanced fraction of active galactic nuclei (AGN) (50%) and bars (89%) compared to the full sample (galaxies with AGN: 24%, with bar: 61%). We extend the trend between mass outflow rates and SFR known for high outflow rates down to lower values (log10 Ṁout [M⊙ yr−1] < 0). Mass loading factors are of order unity, indicating that these outflows are not efficient in quenching the SFR in main sequence galaxies.

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Section: Literature Outflow Frequenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and nature of central molecular outflows in nearby star-forming disk galaxies

Stuber

Saito

Schinnerer

et al. 2021

A&A

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“…The NOEMA observations and data reduction for the galaxies in our sample (see Table 3) are described in detail in Domínguez-Fernández et al (2020). The majority of the ALMA observations used in this work are either from our own programs or are taken from the ALMA archive.…”

Section: Observations and Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). We used the NOEMA CO(2-1) maps generated for detections >3σ from Domínguez-Fernández et al (2020). Figure 1 shows the maps of the integrated CO(2-1) line emission for the galaxies analyzed in this work (see Sect.…”

Section: Observations and Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold molecular gas and PAH emission in the nuclear and circumnuclear regions of Seyfert galaxies

Alonso‐Herrero

Pereira-Santaella

Rigopoulou

et al. 2020

A&A

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We investigate the relation between the detection of the 11.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) feature in the nuclear (∼24−230 pc) regions of 22 nearby Seyfert galaxies and the properties of the cold molecular gas. For the former we use ground-based (0.3−0.6″ resolution) mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy. The cold molecular gas is traced by ALMA and NOEMA high (0.2−1.1″) angular resolution observations of the CO(2–1) transition. Galaxies with a nuclear detection of the 11.3 μm PAH feature contain more cold molecular gas (median 1.6 × 107 M⊙) and have higher column densities (N(H2) = 2 × 1023 cm−2) over the regions sampled by the mid-IR slits than those without a detection. This suggests that molecular gas plays a role in shielding the PAH molecules in the harsh environments of Seyfert nuclei. Choosing the PAH molecule naphthalene as an illustration, we compute its half-life in the nuclear regions of our sample when exposed to 2.5 keV hard X-ray photons. We estimate shorter half-lives for naphthalene in nuclei without a 11.3 μm PAH detection than in those with a detection. The Spitzer/IRS PAH ratios on circumnuclear scales (∼4″ ∼ 0.25−1.3 kpc) are in between model predictions for neutral and partly ionized PAHs. However, Seyfert galaxies in our sample with the highest nuclear H2 column densities are not generally closer to the neutral PAH tracks. This is because in the majority of our sample galaxies, the CO(2–1) emission in the inner ∼4″ is not centrally peaked and in some galaxies traces circumnuclear sites of strong star formation activity. Spatially resolved observations with the MIRI medium-resolution spectrograph on the James Webb Space Telescope will be able to distinguish the effects of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and star formation on the PAH emission in nearby AGN.

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“…Cold molecular outflows in the nearby universe have been studied in low-to-intermediate luminosity AGN (i.e., Seyfert galaxies with L IR < 10 12 L ) and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), mainly, but not only, using hydroxyl (OH) and carbon monoxide (CO) transitions (see Veilleux et al 2020 for a recent review). Focusing on CO-based studies, it has been found that the two types of objects show very different outflow properties, going from maximum velocities of ∼100-200 km s −1 and outflow rates of 10 M yr −1 in Seyfert galaxies (e.g., Alonso-Herrero et al 2019;Domínguez-Fernández et al 2020;García-Bernete et al 2021), to >300 km s −1 and hundreds of M yr −1 in ULIRGs (e.g., Cicone et al 2014;Pereira-Santaella et al 2018;Fluetsch et al 2019Fluetsch et al , 2021Herrera-Camus et al 2020). It is noteworthy that jetted Seyfert galaxies like NGC 1068 and IC 5063 (García-Burillo et al 2014Morganti et al 2015) show much higher outflow velocities and masses than those without, indicating the strong influence that jets might have in launching/accelerating molecular outflows (Wylezalek & Morganti 2018;Jarvis et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diverse cold molecular gas contents, morphologies, and kinematics of type-2 quasars as seen by ALMA

Almeida

Bischetti

García‐Burillo

et al. 2022

A&A

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We present CO(2−1) and adjacent continuum observations of seven nearby radio-quiet type-2 quasars (QSO2s) obtained with ALMA at ∼0.2″ resolution (370 pc at z ∼ 0.1). These QSO2s are luminous (L[OIII] > 108.5 L⊙ ∼ MB < −23), and their host galaxies massive (M* ∼ 1011 M⊙). The CO morphologies are diverse, including disks and interacting systems. Two of the QSO2s are red early-type galaxies with no CO(2–1) detected. In the interacting galaxies, the central kiloparsec contains 18–25% of the total cold molecular gas, whereas in the spirals it is only ∼5–12%. J1010+0612 and J1430+1339 show double-peaked CO flux maps along the major axis of the CO disks that do not have an optical counterpart at the same angular resolution. Based on our analysis of the ionized and molecular gas kinematics and millimeter continuum emission, these CO morphologies are most likely produced by active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback in the form of outflows, jets, and/or shocks. The CO kinematics of the QSO2s with CO(2−1) detections are dominated by rotation but also reveal noncircular motions. According to our analysis, these noncircular motions correspond to molecular outflows that are mostly coplanar with the CO disks in four of the QSO2s, and either to a coplanar inflow or vertical outflow in the case of J1010+0612. These outflows represent 0.2–0.7% of the QSO2s’ total molecular gas mass and have maximum velocities of 200–350 km s−1, radii from 0.4 to 1.3 kpc, and outflow mass rates of 8–16 M⊙ yr−1. These outflow properties are intermediate between those of the mild molecular outflows measured for Seyfert galaxies and the fast and energetic outflows shown by ultra-luminous infrared galaxies. This suggests that it is not only AGN luminosity that drives massive molecular outflows. Other factors such as jet power, coupling between winds, jets, and/or ionized outflows and the CO disks, and amount or geometry of dense gas in the nuclear regions might also be relevant. Thus, although we do not find evidence for a significant impact of quasar feedback on the total molecular gas reservoirs and star formation rates, it appears to be modifying the distribution of cold molecular gas in the central kiloparsec of the galaxies.

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Searching for molecular gas inflows and outflows in the nuclear regions of five Seyfert galaxies

Cited by 28 publications

References 149 publications

Frequency and nature of central molecular outflows in nearby star-forming disk galaxies

Frequency and nature of central molecular outflows in nearby star-forming disk galaxies

Cold molecular gas and PAH emission in the nuclear and circumnuclear regions of Seyfert galaxies

The diverse cold molecular gas contents, morphologies, and kinematics of type-2 quasars as seen by ALMA

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