2007
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00167.x
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Seascapes of fear: evaluating sublethal predator effects experienced and generated by marine mammals

Abstract: The notion that predators can affect their prey without killing them is widely supported in the ecological literature yet rarely applied by marine mammal studies. We present three case studies in which patterns of time allocation by individual marine mammal foragers were used to index the sublethal effects of predators on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and dugongs (Dugong dugon). In each case, foraging individuals optimized energy gain and safety from predators by spending l… Show more

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Cited by 158 publications
(133 citation statements)
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References 67 publications
(151 reference statements)
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“…Closely related to predation risk, the nutritional status of fur seals could also potentially influence foraging behaviour because animals may trade off energy gain with safety from predators (Nonacs 2001, Wirsing et al 2008. Direct measurements of fat, the primary form of energy storage in pinnipeds, are not available for our study animals.…”
Section: Assumptionsmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…Closely related to predation risk, the nutritional status of fur seals could also potentially influence foraging behaviour because animals may trade off energy gain with safety from predators (Nonacs 2001, Wirsing et al 2008. Direct measurements of fat, the primary form of energy storage in pinnipeds, are not available for our study animals.…”
Section: Assumptionsmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…Although the current hunt in the Greenland Sea is almost 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the Canadian hunt, the Greenland Sea population has been reduced to a smaller proportion of its initial population size than the Canadian population (Hammill & Stenson 2007, Skaug et al 2007 and current pup production in the Greenland Sea is approximately an order of magnitude smaller than that in Canadian waters (Haug et al 2006). Harvesting might have evolutionary consequences depending on the intensity of the hunt and the age classes targeted (Coltman 2008, Wirsing et al 2008.…”
Section: Mother-pup Behaviormentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Marine mammals are subject to predation by sharks and other marine mammals (Estes et al 1998, Heithaus 2001, Laidre et al 2006, thus predator avoidance must have some influence over their movements and distribution (the 'seascapes of fear' concept of Wirsing et al 2008). Jefferson et al (1991) reviewed a wide variety of marine mammal responses to the presence of killer whales Orcinus orca, including active defence, fleeing, hiding or changing group size.…”
Section: Intra-or Interspecific Interactionsmentioning
confidence: 99%