Seasonal and diel activity of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) subpopulations in Denmark. Aspects of size, physiological age, and malate dehydrogenase genotype in a forest site without any undergrowth

Jensen, Per Moestrup; Kaufmann, Uwe

doi:10.1023/b:appa.0000006515.66461.32

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This is based on the fact that in various sites in United Kingdom, ticks with high fat content appeared each year in autumn and that a temperaturedependent development model predicted also the mean emergence of ticks in autumn. That detection success of host DNA was higher in autumn than in spring on the south-facing slope supports the interpretation of I. ricinus population dynamics evidenced by Randolph et al (2002) in the United Kingdom and supported by Jensen and Kaufmann (2003) in Denmark. However, the situation on the north-facing slope seems different because two peaks in host DNA detection success emerged, one peak in May with host identiÞcation in 93% of ticks, suggesting that ticks molted in spring, and a second peak in October with host identiÞcation of 73%.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Identification of Host Bloodmeal Source andBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato in Field-CollectedIxodes ricinusTicks in Chaumont (Switzerland)

et al. 2007

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To evaluate the importance of vertebrate species as tick hosts and as reservoir hosts in two endemic areas for Lyme borreliosis in Switzerland, we applied molecular methods for the analysis of bloodmeal source and Borrelia infection in questing Ixodes ricinus L. ticks. In total, 1,326 questing ticks were simultaneously analyzed for Borrelia and for blood meal remnants by using reverse line blot. An overall infection prevalence of 19.0% was recorded for Borrelia sp., with similar rates in both sites. Using a newly developed method for the analysis of bloodmeal targeting the 12S rDNA mitochondrial gene, identiÞcation of host DNA from Þeld-collected ticks was possible in 43.6% of cases. Success of host identiÞcation at the genus and species level reached 72%. In one site, host identiÞcation success reached its maximum in spring (93% in May), decreasing in summer (20% in July) and rising in autumn (73% in October). In the other site, identiÞcation rate in ticks remained low from April to July and increased in autumn reaching 68% in October and November. The most prevalent identiÞed host DNA was artiodactyls in both sites. Red squirrel DNA was signiÞcantly more frequently detected in ticks collected in one site, whereas insectivore DNA was more frequent in ticks in the other site. DNA from more than one vertebrate host was detected in 19.5% of nymphs and 18.9% of adults. Host DNA was identiÞed in 48.4% of the Borrelia infected ticks. Although DNA from all Borrelia species was found in at least some ticks with DNA from mammals and some ticks with DNA from birds, our results conÞrm a general association of B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto with rodents, and B. valaisiana and B. garinii with birds.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Identification of Host Bloodmeal Source andBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato in Field-CollectedIxodes ricinusTicks in Chaumont (Switzerland)

et al. 2007

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“…When interpreted as variation in population size it fit our expectations (Randolph et al 2002;Jensen and Kaufmann 2003) suggesting recruitment in the autumn. This can however only be true if ticks are harvested from areas where accumulation of ticks in the vegetation is of little consequence, because previous studies point to relatively longer host seeking periods in the spring (Jensen 2000b;Jensen and Kaufmann 2003). Furthermore the deviation suggests changing dynamics under changes in the climate.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Five decades of tick–man interaction in Denmark – an analysis

Jensen

Jespersen

2005

Exp Appl Acarol

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The tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) is a known vector of several zoonotic diseases such as Tick Borne Encephalitis (TBE), Lyme borreliosis and ehrlichiosis. The interaction between humans and ticks are at the very core of our understanding of the epidemiology of tick borne zoonoses, but only few experimental studies have been performed. Hence our understanding of the epidemiology of tick-borne disease has to rest on the assumption that the potential tick activity, which is reflected in tick samples from the vegetation or samples from animals, corresponds with tick-human interaction. Observations which may reflect the long term tick-human contact are available in Denmark. These observations are records of requests for information on I. ricinus forwarded to the Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory (DPIL). This article was based on the assumption that the request could be seen as a measure of tick-human interaction reflecting the tick densities in relative terms. The perceived tick densities given by the number of requests on I. ricinus divided by the total number of requests to DPIL was fairly stable from 1965 to 1985, while it doubled during the late 1980's reaching a higher level in the beginning of the 1990's. The perceived density was well explained by the variation in temperature, solar radiation (monthly measurement) and deer abundance (yearly assessments). The measure of deviation, i.e. the ratio between observed requests + 1 and modelled requests + 1, for the individual years varied between 0.91 and 1.20, with considerable within-year variation. A gradual change in periodicity of the residual might suggest gradually changing tick population dynamics. In conclusion, the perceived tick densities appear to be consistent with the current knowledge of tick ecology and tick-transmitted diseases.

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“…Three Mdh alleles and all a-Gpdh alleles were designated according to Jensen and Kaufmann (2003) and Healy (1979a). The fourth Mdh allele was designated as MDH X, because in our experiments we did not detect its similarity with any allele detected by Jensen and Kaufmann (2003). As Table 1 shows, there were not significant differences in allele frequences between populations studied.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Four alleles of Mdh locus (MDH 1, MDH 2, MDH 3, MDH X) and four of a-Gpdh locus (VS, S, F, VF) were identified. Three Mdh alleles and all a-Gpdh alleles were designated according to Jensen and Kaufmann (2003) and Healy (1979a). The fourth Mdh allele was designated as MDH X, because in our experiments we did not detect its similarity with any allele detected by Jensen and Kaufmann (2003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A low level of allozymic polymorphism was detected in the species I. ricinus (Delaye et al 1997;Jensen et al 1999), and only three genetic loci appeared as polymorphic: Pgm (encoding phosphoglucomutase--PGM; EC 2.7.5.1), a-Gpdh (encoding a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase--a-Gpdh; EC 1.1.1.8) and Mdh (encoding malate dehydrogenase--MDH; EC 1.1.1.37) (Healy 1979a, b;Delaye et al 1997;Jensen et al 1999;Jensen and Kaufmann 2003;Healy et al 2004). Gene flow between I. ricinus populations, mediated by transport of ticks on mobile vertebrates, leads to creation of panmictic areas diameter of which is 60-70 km (Healy 1979a, b;Delaye et al 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Allozyme polymorphism of Mdh and α-Gpdh in Ixodes ricinus populations: comparison of borreliae-infected and uninfected ticks

et al. 2006

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Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks are vectors of numerous infectious diseases in humans and animals. The allozyme variability of MDH and alpha-Gpdh was detected by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in I. ricinus natural populations in three localities in Serbia. Four alleles of Mdh locus (MDH 1, MDH 2, MDH 3 and MDH X) and four alleles of alpha-Gpdh locus (VS, S, F and VF) were detected. Interpopulation differences in Mdh and alpha-Gpdh allele frequencies were statistically insignificant. Significant difference in alpha-Gpdh allele frequencies between males and females was recorded in the largest sample only. Differences in allele frequencies, detected between borreliae-infected and uninfected I. ricinus ticks, were close to the level of statistical significance, especially for alpha-Gpdh locus. Clear significant difference appeared in females when sexes were tested separatelly (P = 0.037). It is interesting that genotypes containing rarer alleles (MDH 1 and S) were infected in higher proportion in comparison to other genotypes. Our results point towards a possible role of Mdh and alpha-Gpdh loci in I. ricinus ticks in the determination of energy requirements for host seeking. Sex differences in alpha-Gpdh allele frequencies suggest that selective pressure, concerning efficiency of reserve materials utilisation, points to alpha-Gpdh rather than to Mdh locus.

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Seasonal and diel activity of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) subpopulations in Denmark. Aspects of size, physiological age, and malate dehydrogenase genotype in a forest site without any undergrowth

Abstract: The observations are best interpreted as being produced of a single cohort of ticks, but the revealed complexity of the host seeking activity suggest that measures of activity x abundance should be interpreted very cautiously in relation to population dynamics.

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Identification of Host Bloodmeal Source andBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato in Field-CollectedIxodes ricinusTicks in Chaumont (Switzerland)

Identification of Host Bloodmeal Source andBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato in Field-CollectedIxodes ricinusTicks in Chaumont (Switzerland)

Five decades of tick–man interaction in Denmark – an analysis

Allozyme polymorphism of Mdh and α-Gpdh in Ixodes ricinus populations: comparison of borreliae-infected and uninfected ticks

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