Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Phase-Segregated Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in North Western Part of Turkey Analysed by GC-MS

Abstract

Seasonal and spatial variation and sources of phase-distributed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Northwestern part of Turkey was studied for pollution level and sources appointment. Daily sampling of air was done for one year in two sites; Balıkesir city and the dam lake. Samples were analyzed by using GC-MS. The sum of the total concentration of PAHs was 517 ± 425 ng/ml for city and 153 ± 108 ng/ml dam lake respectively. Seasonal variations were observed sharply, for the city winter highest of 700 ng/ml. Highest observed concentration for Dam Lake was 160 ng/ml in summer season. Gas to particle phase partitioning was calculated and dam lake data was more favoring for the study. In summer gas/particle ratio was 38. We have observed in city low molecular weight PAHs were in the gas phase. In winter Gas/particle ratio was in between 2-5. Diagnostic ratio analysis and factor analysis indicated combustion and vehicular emission as the major sources for PAHs pollution. No. 1104) in hot water and rinsed with deionized water and acetone. Rinsed glassware was dried in an oven for overnight.Heidolph rotary evaporator (laborota 4000 efficient) and mini-vap evaporator with six ports (Catalog No. 22970, 192 Cat. No. 22971) were used for solvent evaporation and Bransonic ultrasonic bath (Model B-2200 E4, 205 W, and 220 V) for the sample extractions. Deionized water (ultra-filtered type 1 water) was obtained from y Barnstead nanopure ultrapure water system. Two sampling sites were considered for the study; İkizcetepeler Dam Lake as Rural site and the urban site was the garden of the education faculty of Balıkesir University. The Balıkesir University located in city center. İkizcetepeler Dam Lake was built in 1986-1991, for multi purposes such as irrigation, drinking water, and flood prevention. The surface area of dam lake is 9.6 km 2 and located at 52.0 m above the sea level. The distance between both sites; Dam lake and Balikesir University is 25 km. İkizcetepeler dam lake sites is under the influence of the urban pollution and dense traffic emissions from these cities Balıkesir-İzmir-Bursa. The high traffic route near dam lake is one of the other reason for our study of Dam lake and balikesir university located in the city. The map of the sampling site is given in Figure 1. Sample collectionAtmospheric sampling of the gas and particle phase of PAHs were performed with Thermo Andersen high volume sampler (GPS II). Particle phase pollutants were collected on glass fiber filter with 90 mm diameter. Gas phase PAHs were collected on polyurethane foams (PUF) with an air flow of 0.225 m 3 /min for 24-hour. Glass fiber samples extractionAt first, glass fiber filters were heated to clean in a furnace at 400°C for 5 hours. Then, they were weighed and placed in petri dishes separately and preserved in the desiccator until extraction. Samples were extracted with ultrasonic bath. The filter sample was spiked with 1 mg/L surrogate solution and extracted in a 50 ml beaker for about 15 minutes with a 20 ml of DCM and ac...