Seasonal and spatial trends of certain chlorobenzene isomers in the Michigan atmosphere

Hermanson, Mark H.; Monosmith, Carrie L.; Donnelly-Kelleher, Michelle T.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(96)00216-6

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We analyzed all samples collected from South Haven on a continuous 6 day cycle during the entire sampling period because early data for various organochlorine compounds were showing it to be a periodically contaminated site [ Hermanson et al , 1997]. At the other sites we analyzed samples collected on the same cycle during nonwinter seasons.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sample extraction methods for this project were discussed previously [ Hermanson et al , 1997]. All samples were extracted in 1/1 (v/v) acetone/hexane using a Soxhlet extractor.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four surrogate standards were added before extraction began (PCB 14, PCB 65, PCB 166, δ ‐HCH). Extracts were volume‐reduced by rotary evaporation and were separated into 2 fractions using elutions of hexane and 40/60 (v/v) DCM/hexane through silica‐gel deactivated 3.5% with purified H 2 O [ Hermanson et al , 1997; Monosmith and Hermanson , 1996]. Both fractions were analyzed for all 6 DDT‐group compounds by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC‐ECD) using a 60‐m DB‐5 column, and quantified using PCB 204 as an internal standard.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and temporal trends of gas and particle phase atmospheric DDT and metabolites in Michigan: Evidence of long‐term persistence and atmospheric emission in a high‐DDT‐use fruit orchard

et al. 2007

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[1] Michigan was among the top three apple producing states in the United States from the 1940s to 1969 when DDT was heavily used on its fruit orchards. More than 2 decades after Michigan banned DDT use in 1969, we collected air samples from four sites around the state to measure concentrations of six DDT-related compounds in the atmosphere. At South Haven, an apple producing area, average gas phase concentrations of DDT and DDE compounds were at least 10 times greater than the other sites including Pellston in the north, Deckerville in the east, and Dexter in south-central. Concentrations at South Haven showed a very strong seasonal cycle, an effect of higher air temperatures on moving these residues into the gas phase from a local source. We calculated DH values for all six compounds from the South Haven data which showed that p,p 0 -DDE was the highest at 108 kJ mol À1 . The DH values for all compounds at South Haven had a high correlation with Henry's Law Constant (HLC) (r = 0.7), verifying that HLC is a good indicator of tendency for compound conversion to the gas phase. South Haven was the only site with significant atmospheric particle-associated DDT. Particle/gas ratios there for p,p 0 -DDT and p,p 0 -DDE also had a predictable seasonal variation. Overall, these results show that agricultural sites with similar DDT use history will be continuous sources of atmospheric DDT for decades after application.

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Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sample extraction methods for this project were discussed previously [ Hermanson et al , 1997]. All samples were extracted in 1/1 (v/v) acetone/hexane using a Soxhlet extractor.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and temporal trends of gas and particle phase atmospheric DDT and metabolites in Michigan: Evidence of long‐term persistence and atmospheric emission in a high‐DDT‐use fruit orchard

et al. 2007

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“…9.1. Most studies of atmospheric contaminants collected with Hi-Vol samplers assume that the calibration procedure is understood, rarely discuss calibration details, and never include the equations used, this includes Hermanson and Hites (1989), Monosmith and Hermanson (1996), Hermanson et al (1997Hermanson et al ( , 2003Hermanson et al ( , 2007, Basu et al (2009), Salamova et al (2014), and Hites (2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Derivation of flow rate and calibration method for high-volume air samplers

Hann

Hermanson

2019

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Sampling the atmosphere to analyze contaminants is different from other environmental matrices because measuring the volume of air collected requires a mechanical flow-through device to draw the air and measure its flow rate. The device used must have the capability of concentrating the analytes of interest onto a different substrate because the volumes of air needed are often on the order of hundreds of cubic meters. The use of high-volume air samplers has grown since 1967, when recommended limits of a large number of organic contaminants in air were developed. Equations used for calculating the air flow through the device over time have similarly been developed. However, the complete derivation of those equations has never appeared in the scientific literature. Here a thorough derivation of those equations is provided with definitions of the mechanical systems that are used in the process, along with the method of calibrating and calculating air flow.

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“…The production and usage of chlorobenzenes have been described elsewhere (U.S. EPA 1994b). Chlorobenzenes were found in the atmosphere over the Great Lakes, suggesting the existence of emission sources in the Great Lakes region (Hermanson et al 1997). A survey by the USEPA in the mid-1980s showed the presence of HCB, 1,2,4,5-TeCBz, 1,2,4-TCBz, and PeCBz in catfish collected from the Tittabawassee River, downstream of Dow Chemical Company in Midland, Michigan (U.S. EPA 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of mono- through hexa-chlorobenzenes in floodplain soils and sediments of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers, Michigan

Yun

2011

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Mean concentrations of ΣCBz in FPS and surface sediment were seven to 30 times higher in the Tittabawassee River (80 and 60 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively) than in the Saginaw River (2.4 and 8.1 ng/g dw, respectively) and Saginaw Bay (5.5 and 8.0 ng/g dw, respectively). Concentrations of ΣCBz were low in surface sediment and FPS from locations upstream of Midland, Michigan, on the Tittabawassee River. Concentrations of ΣCBz were higher in FPS than in surface sediment of the Tittabawassee River; on the contrary, surface sediment contained higher concentrations of CBz than FPS from the other rivers studied. High concentrations of hexachlorobenzene were found in FPS of the Tittabawassee River. All CBz congeners, except for dichlorobenzenes (DCBz), showed a trend of spatial decrease with downstream of the Dow Chemical Company in Midland. The CBz congener composition of the samples showed multiple patterns that reflected differences in historical emissions and environmental partitioning, arising from variations in physico-chemical properties of CBz. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCBz) was found in all of the samples and accounted for a high proportion of total CBz. The relationship between concentrations of CBz and previously reported concentrations of PCDD/Fs for the same set of samples (Kannan et al. 2008) was significant, indicating similarities in sources and depositions of these two classes of compounds in the watershed.

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Seasonal and spatial trends of certain chlorobenzene isomers in the Michigan atmosphere

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

Spatial and temporal trends of gas and particle phase atmospheric DDT and metabolites in Michigan: Evidence of long‐term persistence and atmospheric emission in a high‐DDT‐use fruit orchard

Spatial and temporal trends of gas and particle phase atmospheric DDT and metabolites in Michigan: Evidence of long‐term persistence and atmospheric emission in a high‐DDT‐use fruit orchard

Derivation of flow rate and calibration method for high-volume air samplers

Distribution of mono- through hexa-chlorobenzenes in floodplain soils and sediments of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers, Michigan

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